AB 2191: Board of Behavioral Sciences.
- Session Year: 2015-2016
- House: Assembly
- Latest Version Date: 2016-09-22
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors by the Board of Behavioral Sciences within the Department of Consumer Affairs. Existing law specifies the composition of the board and requires the board to employ an executive officer. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2017. Under existing law, the repeal of the provision establishing the board renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2021, and would make nonsubstantive changes.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors by the Board of Behavioral Sciences within the Department of Consumer Affairs. Existing law specifies the composition of the board and requires the board to employ an executive officer. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2017. Under existing law, the repeal of the provision establishing the board renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2021, and would make nonsubstantive changes.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors by the Board of Behavioral Sciences within the Department of Consumer Affairs. Existing law specifies the composition of the board and requires the board to employ an executive officer. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2017. Under existing law, the repeal of the provision establishing the board renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2021. 2021, and would make nonsubstantive changes.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors by the Board of Behavioral Sciences within the Department of Consumer Affairs. Existing law specifies the composition of the board and requires the board to employ an executive officer. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2017. Under existing law, the repeal of the provision establishing the board renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2021.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors by the Board of Behavioral Sciences within the Department of Consumer Affairs. Existing law specifies the composition of the board and requires the board to employ an executive officer. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2017. Under existing law, the repeal of the provision establishing the board renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2021.
(a)There is in the Department of Consumer Affairs, a Board of Behavioral Sciences that consists of the following members:
(1)Two state licensed clinical social workers.
(2)One state licensed educational psychologist.
(3)Two state licensed marriage and family therapists.
(4)One state licensed professional clinical counselor.
(5)Seven public members.
(b)Each member, except the seven public members, shall have at least two years of experience in her or his profession.
(c)Each member shall reside in the State of California.
(d)The Governor shall appoint five of the public members and the six licensed members with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate Committee on Rules and the Speaker of the Assembly shall each appoint a public member.
(e)Each member of the board shall be appointed for a term of four years. A member appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules or the Speaker of the Assembly shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until one year from the expiration date of the term for which she or he was appointed, whichever first occurs. Pursuant to Section 1774 of the Government Code, a member appointed by the Governor shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of her or his successor or until 60 days from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs.
(f)A vacancy on the board shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the authority who appointed the member whose membership was vacated.
(g)Not later than the first of June of each calendar year, the board shall elect a chairperson and a vice chairperson from its membership.
(h)Each member of the board shall receive a per diem and reimbursement of expenses as provided in Section 103.
(i)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
(j)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the repeal of this section renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
SEC. 2.Section 4990.04 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.04.(a)The board shall appoint an executive officer. This position is designated as a confidential position and is exempt from civil service under subdivision (e) of Section 4 of Article VII of the California Constitution.
(b)The executive officer serves at the pleasure of the board.
(c)The executive officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties delegated by the board and vested in her or him by this chapter.
(d)With the approval of the director, the board shall fix the salary of the executive officer.
(e)The chairperson and executive officer may call meetings of the board and any duly appointed committee at a specified time and place. For purposes of this section, call meetings means setting the agenda, time, date, or place for any meeting of the board or any committee.
(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
SEC. 3.Section 4990.22 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.22.(a)The Behavioral Sciences Fund shall be used for the purposes of carrying out and enforcing the provisions of this chapter and the chapters listed in Section 4990.12. All moneys in the fund shall be expended, upon appropriation of the Legislature, by the board for the purposes of the programs under its jurisdiction.
(b)The board shall keep records that reasonably ensure that funds expended in the administration of each licensure or registration category shall bear a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each category and report to the department no later than May 31 of each year on those expenditures.
(c)Surpluses, if any, may be used by the board in a manner that bears a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each licensure or registration category and may include, but not be limited to, expenditures for education and research related to each of the licensing or registration categories.
(a)There is in the Department of Consumer Affairs, a Board of Behavioral Sciences that consists of the following members:
(1)Two state licensed clinical social workers.
(2)One state licensed educational psychologist.
(3)Two state licensed marriage and family therapists.
(4)One state licensed professional clinical counselor.
(5)Seven public members.
(b)Each member, except the seven public members, shall have at least two years of experience in her or his profession.
(c)Each member shall reside in the State of California.
(d)The Governor shall appoint five of the public members and the six licensed members with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate Committee on Rules and the Speaker of the Assembly shall each appoint a public member.
(e)Each member of the board shall be appointed for a term of four years. A member appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules or the Speaker of the Assembly shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until one year from the expiration date of the term for which she or he was appointed, whichever first occurs. Pursuant to Section 1774 of the Government Code, a member appointed by the Governor shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of her or his successor or until 60 days from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs.
(f)A vacancy on the board shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the authority who appointed the member whose membership was vacated.
(g)Not later than the first of June of each calendar year, the board shall elect a chairperson and a vice chairperson from its membership.
(h)Each member of the board shall receive a per diem and reimbursement of expenses as provided in Section 103.
(i)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
(j)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the repeal of this section renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
SEC. 2.Section 4990.04 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.04.(a)The board shall appoint an executive officer. This position is designated as a confidential position and is exempt from civil service under subdivision (e) of Section 4 of Article VII of the California Constitution.
(b)The executive officer serves at the pleasure of the board.
(c)The executive officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties delegated by the board and vested in her or him by this chapter.
(d)With the approval of the director, the board shall fix the salary of the executive officer.
(e)The chairperson and executive officer may call meetings of the board and any duly appointed committee at a specified time and place. For purposes of this section, call meetings means setting the agenda, time, date, or place for any meeting of the board or any committee.
(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
SEC. 3.Section 4990.22 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.22.(a)The Behavioral Sciences Fund shall be used for the purposes of carrying out and enforcing the provisions of this chapter and the chapters listed in Section 4990.12. All moneys in the fund shall be expended, upon appropriation of the Legislature, by the board for the purposes of the programs under its jurisdiction.
(b)The board shall keep records that reasonably ensure that funds expended in the administration of each licensure or registration category shall bear a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each category and report to the department no later than May 31 of each year on those expenditures.
(c)Surpluses, if any, may be used by the board in a manner that bears a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each licensure or registration category and may include, but not be limited to, expenditures for education and research related to each of the licensing or registration categories.
(a)There is in the Department of Consumer Affairs, a Board of Behavioral Sciences that consists of the following members:
(1)Two state licensed clinical social workers.
(2)One state licensed educational psychologist.
(3)Two state licensed marriage and family therapists.
(4)One state licensed professional clinical counselor.
(5)Seven public members.
(b)Each member, except the seven public members, shall have at least two years of experience in her or his profession.
(c)Each member shall reside in the State of California.
(d)The Governor shall appoint five of the public members and the six licensed members with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate Committee on Rules and the Speaker of the Assembly shall each appoint a public member.
(e)Each member of the board shall be appointed for a term of four years. A member appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules or the Speaker of the Assembly or the Senate Committee on Rules shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until one year from the expiration date of the term for which she or he was appointed, whichever first occurs. Pursuant to Section 1774 of the Government Code, a member appointed by the Governor shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of her or his successor or until 60 days from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs.
(f)A vacancy on the board shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the authority who appointed the member whose membership was vacated.
(g)Not later than the first of June of each calendar year, the board shall elect a chairperson and a vice chairperson from its membership.
(h)Each member of the board shall receive a per diem and reimbursement of expenses as provided in Section 103.
(i)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
(j)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the repeal of this section renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
SEC. 2.Section 4990.04 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.04.(a)The board shall appoint an executive officer. This position is designated as a confidential position and is exempt from civil service under subdivision (e) of Section 4 of Article VII of the California Constitution.
(b)The executive officer serves at the pleasure of the board.
(c)The executive officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties delegated by the board and vested in her or him by this chapter.
(d)With the approval of the director, the board shall fix the salary of the executive officer.
(e)The chairperson and executive officer may call meetings of the board and any duly appointed committee at a specified time and place. For purposes of this section, call meetings means setting the agenda, time, date, or place for any meeting of the board or any committee.
(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
SEC. 3.Section 4990.22 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.22.(a)The Behavioral Sciences Fund shall be used for the purposes of carrying out and enforcing the provisions of this chapter and the chapters listed in Section 4990.12. All moneys in the fund shall be expended expended, upon appropriation of the Legislature, by the board for the purposes of the programs under its jurisdiction.
(b)The board shall keep records that reasonably ensure that funds expended in the administration of each licensure or registration category shall bear a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each category and report to the department no later than May 31 of each year on those expenditures.
(c)Surpluses, if any, may be used by the board in a manner that bears a reasonable relation to the revenue derived from each licensure or registration category and may include, but not be limited to, expenditures for education and research related to each of the licensing or registration categories.
(a)There is in the Department of Consumer Affairs, a Board of Behavioral Sciences that consists of the following members:
(1)Two state licensed clinical social workers.
(2)One state licensed educational psychologist.
(3)Two state licensed marriage and family therapists.
(4)One state licensed professional clinical counselor.
(5)Seven public members.
(b)Each member, except the seven public members, shall have at least two years of experience in her or his or her profession.
(c)Each member shall reside in the State of California.
(d)The Governor shall appoint five of the public members and the six licensed members with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate Committee on Rules and the Speaker of the Assembly shall each appoint a public member.
(e)Each member of the board shall be appointed for a term of four years. A member appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly or the Senate Committee on Rules shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until one year from the expiration date of the term for which she or he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs. Pursuant to Section 1774 of the Government Code, a member appointed by the Governor shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of her or his or her successor or until 60 days from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs.
(f)A vacancy on the board shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the authority who appointed the member whose membership was vacated.
(g)Not later than the first of June of each calendar year, the board shall elect a chairperson and a vice chairperson from its membership.
(h)Each member of the board shall receive a per diem and reimbursement of expenses as provided in Section 103.
(i)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
(j)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the repeal of this section renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
SEC. 2.Section 4990.04 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.04.(a)The board shall appoint an executive officer. This position is designated as a confidential position and is exempt from civil service under subdivision (e) of Section 4 of Article VII of the California Constitution.
(b)The executive officer serves at the pleasure of the board.
(c)The executive officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties delegated by the board and vested in her or him or her by this chapter.
(d)With the approval of the director, the board shall fix the salary of the executive officer.
(e)The chairperson and executive officer may call meetings of the board and any duly appointed committee at a specified time and place. For purposes of this section, call meetings means setting the agenda, time, date, or place for any meeting of the board or any committee.
(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2021, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)There is in the Department of Consumer Affairs, a Board of Behavioral Sciences that consists of the following members:
(1)Two state licensed clinical social workers.
(2)One state licensed educational psychologist.
(3)Two state licensed marriage and family therapists.
(4)One state licensed professional clinical counselor.
(5)Seven public members.
(b)Each member, except the seven public members, shall have at least two years of experience in his or her profession.
(c)Each member shall reside in the State of California.
(d)The Governor shall appoint five of the public members and the six licensed members with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Senate Committee on Rules and the Speaker of the Assembly shall each appoint a public member.
(e)Each member of the board shall be appointed for a term of four years. A member appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly or the Senate Committee on Rules shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until one year from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs. Pursuant to Section 1774 of the Government Code, a member appointed by the Governor shall hold office until the appointment and qualification of his or her successor or until 60 days from the expiration date of the term for which he or she was appointed, whichever first occurs.
(f)A vacancy on the board shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the authority who appointed the member whose membership was vacated.
(g)Not later than the first of June of each calendar year, the board shall elect a chairperson and a vice chairperson from its membership.
(h)Each member of the board shall receive a per diem and reimbursement of expenses as provided in Section 103.
(i)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2017, 2021, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2017, deletes or extends that date. repealed.
(j)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the repeal of this section renders the board subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature.
SEC. 2.Section 4990.04 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:4990.04.(a)The board shall appoint an executive officer. This position is designated as a confidential position and is exempt from civil service under subdivision (e) of Section 4 of Article VII of the California Constitution.
(b)The executive officer serves at the pleasure of the board.
(c)The executive officer shall exercise the powers and perform the duties delegated by the board and vested in him or her by this chapter.
(d)With the approval of the director, the board shall fix the salary of the executive officer.
(e)The chairperson and executive officer may call meetings of the board and any duly appointed committee at a specified time and place. For purposes of this section, call meetings means setting the agenda, time, date, or place for any meeting of the board or any committee.
(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2017, 2021, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2017, deletes or extends that date. repealed.
|
Date
|
Status
|
|---|---|
| Jun 1, 2016 | In Senate. Read first time. To Com. on RLS. for assignment. |
| Aug 31, 2016 | Enrolled and presented to the Governor at 4 p.m. |
| Aug 24, 2016 | Senate amendments concurred in. To Engrossing and Enrolling. (Ayes 78. Noes 1. Page 6209.). |
| Aug 24, 2016 | Senate amendments concurred in. To Engrossing and Enrolling. |
| Aug 19, 2016 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Assembly. (Ayes 36. Noes 0.). |
| Aug 19, 2016 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Assembly. (Ayes 36. Noes 0. Page 5162.). |
| Aug 19, 2016 | In Assembly. Concurrence in Senate amendments pending. May be considered on or after August 21 pursuant to Assembly Rule 77. |
| Aug 16, 2016 | Read second time and amended. Ordered to third reading. |
| Aug 15, 2016 | From committee: Amend, and do pass as amended. (Ayes 7. Noes 0.) (August 11). |
| Aug 1, 2016 | In committee: Referred to APPR. suspense file. |
| Jun 28, 2016 | From committee: Do pass and re-refer to Com. on APPR. (Ayes 9. Noes 0.) (June 27). Re-referred to Com. on APPR. |
| Jun 9, 2016 | Referred to Com. on B., P. & E.D. |
| Feb 18, 2016 | Read first time. To print. |
| May 31, 2016 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Senate. (Ayes 79. Noes 1.) |
| May 31, 2016 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Senate. (Ayes 79. Noes 1. Page 5029.) |
| May 31, 2016 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Senate. |
| May 27, 2016 | Read second time. Ordered to third reading. |
| May 27, 2016 | From committee: Do pass. (Ayes 20. Noes 0.) (May 27). |
| Apr 20, 2016 | In committee: Set, first hearing. Referred to APPR. suspense file. |
| Apr 12, 2016 | From committee: Do pass and re-refer to Com. on APPR. with recommendation: To Consent Calendar. (Ayes 16. Noes 0.) (April 12). Re-referred to Com. on APPR. |
| Apr 7, 2016 | Re-referred to Com. on B. & P. |
| Apr 6, 2016 | From committee chair, with author's amendments: Amend, and re-refer to Com. on B. & P. Read second time and amended. |
| Mar 3, 2016 | Referred to Com. on B. & P. |
| Feb 19, 2016 | From printer. May be heard in committee March 20. |
|
Date
|
Description
|
Location
|
Votes
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 24, 2016 | AB 2191 SALAS Concurrence in Senate Amendments | Assembly Floor |
Passed |
|
| Aug 19, 2016 | Assembly 3rd Reading AB2191 Salas By Hill | Senate Floor |
Passed |
|
| Aug 11, 2016 | Do pass as amended | Senate Standing Committee on Appropriations |
Passed |
|
| Aug 1, 2016 | Placed on suspense file | Senate Standing Committee on Appropriations |
Passed |
|
| Jun 27, 2016 | Do pass, but first be re-referred to the Committee on [Appropriations] | Senate Standing Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development |
Passed |
|
| May 31, 2016 | AB 2191 SALAS Assembly Third Reading | Assembly Floor |
Passed |
|
| May 27, 2016 | Do pass. | Assembly Standing Committee on Appropriations |
Passed |
|
| Apr 12, 2016 | Do pass and be re-referred to the Committee on [Appropriations] with recommendation: To Consent Calendar | Assembly Standing Committee on Business and Professions |
Passed |
This list shows positions taken on this bill by organizations on the date displayed, which is linked to the original source.
Positions by individuals are not included.
|
Organization
|
Position
|
Date
|
|---|---|---|
| Board of Behavioral Sciences | ** Support | Aug 19, 2016 |
CONCURRENCE IN SENATE AMENDMENTS
CSA1 Bill Id:AB 2191
Author:(Salas)
As Amended Ver:August 16, 2016
Majority vote
ASSEMBLY: | 79-1 | (May 31, 2016) | SENATE: | 36-0 | (August 19, 2016) |
Original Committee Reference: B. & P.
SUMMARY: Extends the regulatory authority of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS), and its authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) until January 1, 2021.
The Senate amendments specify that the BBS fund must be expended, upon appropriation of the Legislature; make a technical change; and, add a co-author.
FISCAL EFFECT: According to the Senate Appropriations Committee, this bill will result in ongoing costs of $11 million per year for the continued operation of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (Behavioral Science Examiners Fund). All costs to operate the Board are paid for with license fees.
COMMENTS:
Purpose. Unless legislation is carried this year to extend the sunset date for the BBS, it will be repealed on January 1, 2017. The legislative changes reflected in this bill are solutions to issues raised about the BBS in the Assembly Committee on Business and Professions' staff Background Paper and during its sunset review hearing on March 14, 2016. In addition, this bill will extend the BBS's authority to appoint an executive officer.
Board of Behavioral Sciences. The BBS licenses and regulates Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs), Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs), Licensed Educational Psychologists (LEPs), and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCCs). Additionally, the BBS registers Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSWs), Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) Interns, Professional Clinical Counselor (PCC) Interns, and until June 30, 2015, registered continuing education (CE) providers. Each profession has its own scope of practice, entry-level requirements, and professional settings, with some overlap in certain areas. Below are a few examples of settings in which licensees may work; however, licensees may work in other settings that lawfully provide mental health services.
- LMFTs are employed in mental health agencies, counseling centers, and private practice. They utilize counseling or therapeutic techniques to assist individuals, couples, families, and groups with a focus on marriage, family, and relationship issues.
- LCSWs are employed in health facilities, private practice, and state and county mental health couples, families, and groups.
- LEPs work in schools or in private practice and provide educational counseling services such as aptitude and achievement testing or psychological testing. LEPs may not provide psychological testing or counseling services that are unrelated to academic learning processes in the education system.
- LPCCs apply counseling interventions and psychotherapeutic techniques to identify and remediate cognitive, mental, and emotional issues, including personal growth, adjustment to disability, crisis intervention, and psychosocial and environmental problems. LPCCs work in a variety of settings including hospitals, private practice, and community-based mental health organizations.
Joint Oversight Hearings and Sunset Review of Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) Licensing Boards. In March of 2016, the Assembly Business and Professions Committee and the Senate Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee (Committees) conducted multiple joint oversight hearings to review 11 regulatory boards within the DCA and one regulatory entity outside of the DCA. The sunset bills are intended to implement legislative changes recommended in the respective background reports drafted by the Committees for the agencies reviewed this year.
The Sunset Review Process. The sunset review process provides a formal mechanism for the DCA, the Legislature, the regulatory boards, bureaus and committees, interested parties, and stakeholders to make recommendations for improvements to the authority of consumer protection boards and bureaus. This is performed on a standard four-year cycle and was mandated by SB 2036 (McCorquodale), Chapter 908, Statutes of 1994. Each eligible agency is required to submit to the Committees a report covering the entire period since last reviewed that includes, among other things, the purpose and necessity of the agency and any recommendations of the agency for changes or reorganization in order to better fulfill its purpose. During the sunset review hearings, the Committees take public testimony and evaluate the eligible agency prior to the date the agency is scheduled to be repealed. An eligible agency is allowed to sunset unless the Legislature enacts a law to extend, consolidate, or reorganize the eligible agency.
In the Assembly Committee on Business and Profession's Background Paper on the BBS, issues were raised regarding the BBS's ability to handle the increasing enforcement workload, ensure a smooth transition during the examination restructure, increase CE audits, and ensure that supervisors and supervisees are following current statutory requirements.
This bill will require the BBS to be reviewed by the Legislature again in four years. By continuing the functions of the BBS, this bill will allow it to continue in its regulatory capacity for the protection of consumers and the regulation of all aspects of the mental health professionals which the BBS licenses and regulates.
Analysis Prepared by: Elissa Silva / B. & P. / (916) 319-3301 FN: 0004747
Office of Senate Floor Analyses (916) 651-1520 Fax: (916) 327-4478 | AB |
THIRD READING
Bill No: AB 2191
:
SENATE BUS., PROF. & ECON. DEV. COMMITTEE: 9-0, 6/27/16
AYES: Hill, Bates, Block, Gaines, Galgiani, Hernandez, Jackson, Mendoza, Wieckowski
SENATE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE: 7-0, 8/11/16
AYES: Lara, Bates, Beall, Hill, McGuire, Mendoza, Nielsen
ASSEMBLY FLOOR: 79-1, 5/31/16 - See last page for vote
DIGEST: This bill extends the operation of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS) and the BBS’ authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) from January 1, 2017, to January 1, 2021.
ANALYSIS: Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists (LEPs), clinical social workers (LCSWs), marriage and family therapists (MFTs) and professional clinical counselors (LPCCs) by BBS within the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) until January 1, 2017, and authorizes BBS to appoint an EO until January 1, 2017.
This bill extends the operation of BBS and the BBS’ authority to appoint an EO until January 1, 2021, and clarifies that the BBS Fund is subject to appropriation by the Legislature.
Background
This bill is one of five “sunset bills” the author is sponsoring this Session. According to the author, “because the boards are set to sunset in 2017, the date needs to be extended to ensure the continued regulation of the professions.”
Board of Behavioral Sciences. BBS licenses and regulates LCSWs, MFTs, LEPs, and LPCCs. Additionally, BBS registers Associate Clinical Social Workers (ACSWs), Marriage and Family Therapist Interns (MFT Interns), Professional Clinical Counselor Interns, and until June 30, 2015, registered continuing education (CE) providers. BBS licenses and regulates more than 100,000 licensees. In addition, BBS regulates approximately 16,262 MFT Interns and 12,215 ACSWs. Each profession has its own scope of practice, entry-level requirements, and professional settings, with some overlap in certain areas.
The EO is appointed by the BBS. As a Special Fund agency, BBS receives no General Fund support and relies solely on fees set by statute for licensing and renewals. The BBS Licensing Program provides public protection by ensuring licenses or registrations are issued only to those applicants who meet the minimum requirements of current statutes and regulations and who have not committed acts that would be grounds for denial. All BBS-regulated licensees are required to obtain 36 hours of CE as a condition of biennial licensure renewal.
2015-16 Sunset Review. Beginning in 2015, the Senate Business and Professions Committee and the Assembly Business and Professions Committee (Committees) conducted joint oversight hearings to review 12 regulatory entities. The Committees conducted two hearings in March and joined with the Senate Committee on Education and Assembly Committee on Higher Education to review the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education. This bill and the accompanying sunset bills are intended to implement legislative changes as recommended by staff of the Committees and which are reflected in the Background Papers prepared by Committee staff for each agency and program reviewed this year.
FISCAL EFFECT: Appropriation: Fiscal Com.: Local:
According to the Senate Appropriations Committee, this bill will result in ongoing costs of $11 million per year for the continued operation of the BBS, which are paid for with license fees.
Board of Behavioral Sciences
OPPOSITION: (Verified 8/16/16)
None received
AYES: Achadjian, Alejo, Travis Allen, Arambula, Atkins, Baker, Bigelow, Bloom, Bonilla, Bonta, Brough, Brown, Burke, Calderon, Campos, Chang, Chau, Chávez, Chiu, Chu, Cooley, Cooper, Dababneh, Dahle, Daly, Dodd, Eggman, Frazier, Beth Gaines, Gallagher, Cristina Garcia, Eduardo Garcia, Gatto, Gipson, Gomez, Gonzalez, Gordon, Gray, Grove, Hadley, Roger Hernández, Holden, Irwin, Jones, Jones-Sawyer, Kim, Lackey, Levine, Linder, Lopez, Low, Maienschein, Mathis, Mayes, McCarty, Medina, Melendez, Mullin, Nazarian, Obernolte, O'Donnell, Olsen, Patterson, Quirk, Ridley-Thomas, Rodriguez, Salas, Santiago, Steinorth, Mark Stone, Thurmond, Ting, Wagner, Waldron, Weber, Wilk, Williams, Wood, Rendon
NOES: Harper
8/16/16 17:38:47
**** END ****
SENATE COMMITTEE ON
Senator Ricardo Lara, Chair
2015 - 2016 Regular Session
AB 2191 (Salas) - Board of Behavioral Sciences
Version: | Policy Vote: |
Urgency: | Mandate: |
Hearing Date: | Consultant: |
*********** ANALYSIS ADDENDUM – SUSPENSE FILE ***********
The following information is revised to reflect amendments
adopted by the committee on August 11, 2016
Bill Summary:
AB 2191 would extend the statutory sunset on the Board of Behavioral Sciences until January 1, 2021.
Fiscal Impact:
- Ongoing costs of $11 million per year for the continued operation of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (Behavioral Science Examiners Fund). All costs to operate the Board are paid for with license fees.
Author Amendments:
Make a technical correction.
Committee Amendments:
Clarify that the Board of Behavioral Sciences Fund is subject to appropriation by the Legislature.
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SENATE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
Senator Ricardo Lara, Chair
2015 - 2016 Regular Session
AB 2191 (Salas) - Board of Behavioral Sciences
Version: April 6, 2016 | Policy Vote: B., P. & E.D. 9 - 0 |
Urgency: No | Mandate: No |
Hearing Date: August 1, 2016 | Consultant: Brendan McCarthy |
This bill meets the criteria for referral to the Suspense File.
Bill Summary:
AB 2191 would extend the statutory sunset on the Board of Behavioral Sciences until January 1, 2021.
Fiscal Impact:
Ongoing costs of $11 million per year for the continued operation of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (Behavioral Science Examiners Fund). All costs to operate the Board are paid for with license fees.
Background:
Under current law, the Board of Behavioral Sciences licenses and regulates the practice of educational psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional clinical counselors. Current law sunsets the operation of the Board and the Board’s authority to appoint an executive officer on January 1, 2017.
Proposed Law:
AB 2191 would extend the statutory sunset on the Board of Behavioral Sciences and the Board’s authority to appoint an executive officer until January 1, 2021.
Related Legislation:
This bill is one of several sunset review bills authored by the chairs of the Senate and Assembly Business and Professions Committees to review and extend the operation of licensing boards and bureaus within the Department of Consumer Affairs.
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SENATE COMMITTEE ON
BUSINESS, PROFESSIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Senator Jerry Hill, Chair
2015 - 2016 Regular
Bill No: Hearing Date: June 27, 2016
Author: | |||
Version: | April 6, 2016 | ||
Urgency: | No | Fiscal: | Yes |
Consultant: | Sarah Mason | ||
Subject:
SUMMARY:
Extends the operation of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS) and the BBS’ authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2021.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of educational psychologists (LEPs), clinical social workers (LCSWs), marriage and family therapists (MFTs) and professional clinical counselors (LPCCs) by BBS within the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) until January 1, 2017 and authorizes BBS to appoint an EO until January 1, 2017.
This bill extends the operation of BBS and the BBS’ authority to appoint an EO until January 1, 2021.
FISCAL EFFECT: This bill is keyed “fiscal” by Legislative Counsel. According to the Assembly Committee on Appropriations analysis dated April 20, 2016, this bill will result in costs of approximately $10 million per year for four additional calendar years to continue the operation of the BBS.
COMMENTS:
- Purpose. This bill is sponsored by the Author, and is one of five “sunset bills” the Author is sponsoring this Session. According to the Author, “the legislative changes reflected in this bill are solutions to issues raised about BBS in the Assembly Committee on Business and Professions’ staff Background Paper and during its sunset review hearing on March 14, 2016.”
- Oversight Hearings and Sunset Review of Licensing Boards and Programs. Beginning in 2015, the Senate Business and Professions Committee and the Assembly Business and Professions Committee (Committees) conducted joint oversight hearings to review 12 regulatory entities: DCA, Acupuncture Board, BBS, California Massage Therapy Association, Court Reporters Board, Board of Pharmacy, Physician Assistant Board, Board of Podiatric Medicine, Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education, Board of Psychology, Bureau of Real Estate, Bureau of Real Estate Appraisers and Veterinary Medical Board
The Committees conducted two hearings in March. This bill and the accompanying sunset bills are intended to implement legislative changes as recommended by staff of the Committees and which are reflected in the Background Papers prepared by Committee staff for each agency and program reviewed this year.
- Background on BBS. BBS licenses and regulates LCSWs, MFTs, LEPs, and LPCCs. Additionally, BBS registers Associate Clinical Social Workers (ACSWs), Marriage and Family Therapist Interns (MFT Interns), Professional Clinical Counselor Interns (PCC Interns), and until June 30, 2015, registered continuing education (CE) providers. BBS licenses and regulates more than 100,000 licensees. In addition, BBS regulates approximately 16,262 MFT Interns and 12,215 ACSWs. Each profession has its own scope of practice, entry-level requirements, and professional settings, with some overlap in certain areas.
The EO is appointed by the BBS. As a Special Fund agency, BBS receives no General Fund support and relies solely on fees set by statute for licensing and renewals. The BBS Licensing Program provides public protection by ensuring licenses or registrations are issued only to those applicants who meet the minimum requirements of current statutes and regulations and who have not committed acts that would be grounds for denial. All BBS-regulated licensees are required to obtain 36 hours of CE as a condition of biennial licensure renewal.
- Review of the BBS – Issues Identified and Recommended Changes. Committee staff identified 12 issues pertaining to BBS and provided background information concerning each issue. Recommendations were made by Committee staff regarding the particular issue areas which needed to be addressed. Only one of the identified issues for BBS required a statutory change.
- Issue: Continued Regulation by the Current BBS.
Background: The health and safety of consumers is protected by well-regulated professions. BBS is charged with protecting the consumer from unprofessional and unsafe licensees. It appears as if BBS has been an effective, and for the most part efficient, regulatory body for the professions that fall under its purview. However, BBS needs to continue to work on improving its enforcement program, managing a more effective CE program, maintain high standards for the professions by ensuring active supervisors are not misrepresenting supervised employees and focus on reducing any application backlogs which may result from the fully implemented examination restructure. Given that BBS has been working to increase staff to help improve efficiency, BBS should be able to continue to fulfill its mandate, meet performance targets, and continue to protect consumers, BS should be granted a four-year extension of its sunset date.
Recommendation and Proposed Statutory Change: The committee recommends that the LCSW, LMFT, LEP and LPCC professions, and registration of ASW Interns, MFT Interns, and PCC Interns continue to be regulated by the BBS in order to protect the interests of consumers and be reviewed once again in four years.
This bill extends the operation of BBS for four years.
SUPPORT AND OPPOSITION:
Support:
Board of Behavioral Sciences
Opposition:
None on file as of June 21, 2016.
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ASSEMBLY THIRD READING
ATR Bill Id:AB 2191
Author:(Salas)
As Amended Ver:April 6, 2016
Majority vote
Committee | Votes | Ayes | Noes |
Business & Professions | 16-0 | Salas, Brough, Baker, Bloom, Campos, Chávez, Dahle, Dodd, Eggman, Gatto, Gomez, Holden, Jones, Mullin, Ting, Wood | |
Appropriations | 20-0 | Gonzalez, Bigelow, Bloom, Bonilla, Bonta, Calderon, Chang, Daly, Eggman, Gallagher, Eduardo Garcia, Roger Hernández, Holden, Jones, Obernolte, Quirk, Santiago, Wagner, Weber, Wood |
|
SUMMARY: Extends the regulatory authority of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS), and its authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) until January 1, 2021.
FISCAL EFFECT: According to the Assembly Committee on Appropriations, cost of approximately $10 million per year, for four additional calendar years, to continue the operation of the BBS beyond the current January 1, 2017 sunset (Behavioral Science Examiners Fund, Professions and Vocations Fund).
COMMENTS:
Purpose. Unless legislation is carried this year to extend the sunset date for the BBS, it will be repealed on January 1, 2017. The legislative changes reflected in this bill are solutions to issues raised about the BBS in the Assembly Committee on Business and Professions' staff Background Paper and during its sunset review hearing on March 14, 2016. In addition, this bill will extend the BBS's authority to appoint an executive officer.
Board of Behavioral Sciences. The BBS licenses and regulates Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs), Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs), Licensed Educational Psychologists (LEPs), and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCCs). Additionally, the BBS registers Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSWs), Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) Interns, Professional Clinical Counselor (PCC) Interns, and until June 30, 2015, registered continuing education (CE) providers. Each profession has its own scope of practice, entry-level requirements, and professional settings, with some overlap in certain areas. Below are a few examples of settings in which licensees may work; however, licensees may work in other settings that lawfully provide mental health services.
- LMFTs are employed in mental health agencies, counseling centers, and private practice. They utilize counseling or therapeutic techniques to assist individuals, couples, families, and groups with a focus on marriage, family, and relationship issues.
- LCSWs are employed in health facilities, private practice, and state and county mental health couples, families, and groups.
- LEPs work in schools or in private practice and provide educational counseling services such as aptitude and achievement testing or psychological testing. LEPs may not provide psychological testing or counseling services that are unrelated to academic learning processes in the education system.
- LPCCs apply counseling interventions and psychotherapeutic techniques to identify and remediate cognitive, mental, and emotional issues, including personal growth, adjustment to disability, crisis intervention, and psychosocial and environmental problems. LPCCs work in a variety of settings including hospitals, private practice, and community-based mental health organizations.
Joint Oversight Hearings and Sunset Review of Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) Licensing Boards. In March of 2016, the Assembly Business and Professions Committee and the Senate Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee (Committees) conducted multiple joint oversight hearings to review 11 regulatory boards within the DCA and one regulatory entity outside of the DCA. The sunset bills are intended to implement legislative changes recommended in the respective background reports drafted by the Committees for the agencies reviewed this year.
The Sunset Review Process. The sunset review process provides a formal mechanism for the DCA, the Legislature, the regulatory boards, bureaus and committees, interested parties, and stakeholders to make recommendations for improvements to the authority of consumer protection boards and bureaus. This is performed on a standard four-year cycle and was mandated by SB 2036 (McCorquodale), Chapter 908, Statutes of 1994. Each eligible agency is required to submit to the Committees a report covering the entire period since last reviewed that includes, among other things, the purpose and necessity of the agency and any recommendations of the agency for changes or reorganization in order to better fulfill its purpose. During the sunset review hearings, the Committees take public testimony and evaluate the eligible agency prior to the date the agency is scheduled to be repealed. An eligible agency is allowed to sunset unless the Legislature enacts a law to extend, consolidate, or reorganize the eligible agency.
In the Assembly Committee on Business and Profession's Background Paper on the BBS, issues were raised regarding the BBS's ability to handle the increasing enforcement workload, ensure a smooth transition during the examination restructure, increase CE audits, and ensure that supervisors and supervisees are following current statutory requirements.
This bill will require the BBS to be reviewed by the Legislature again in four years. By continuing the functions of the BBS, this bill will allow it to continue in its regulatory capacity for the protection of consumers and the regulation of all aspects of the mental health professionals which the BBS licenses and regulates.
Analysis Prepared by: Elissa Silva / B. & P. / (916) 319-3301 FN: 0003169
Date of Hearing: April 20, 2016
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
Lorena Gonzalez, Chair
ABPCA Bill Id:AB 2191
Author:(Salas) – As Amended Ver:April 6, 2016
Policy Committee: | Business and Professions | Vote: | 16 - 0 |
|
|
Urgency: No State Mandated Local Program: No Reimbursable: No
SUMMARY:
This bill extends the regulatory authority of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS) and its authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) until January 1, 2021.
FISCAL EFFECT:
Cost of approximately $10 million per year, for four additional calendar years, to continue the operation of the BBS beyond the current January 1, 2017 sunset (Behavioral Science Examiners Fund, Professions and Vocations Fund).
COMMENTS:
- Purpose. In March 2016, the Senate Business and Professions Committee and the Assembly Business and Professions Committee conducted joint oversight hearings to review 11 different regulatory entities. Sunset review bills, such as this one, are intended to implement any legislative changes identified as a result of the hearings and extend regulatory authority for entities reviewed at the hearings. This bill extends the sunset for the BBS for four years.
- Background. The BBS regulates a number of mental health professionals, including masters-level Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs), Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs), Licensed Educational Psychologists (LEPs), and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCCs), as well as associate and intern level professionals. In the sunset review process on the BBS, issues were raised regarding the BBS's ability to handle the increasing enforcement workload, ensure a smooth transition during a restructure of the examination process, increase audits of continuing education requirements, and ensure that supervisors and supervisees are following current statutory requirements. These issues are not addressed in this legislation; this bill simply authorizes the continued operation of the BBS in its current regulatory capacity.
- Related Legislation. AB 2190 through AB 2194 (Salas) and SB 1192 through 1196 (Hill) are all 2016 sunset review bills on various topics.
Analysis Prepared by: Lisa Murawski / APPR. / (916) 319-2081
Date of Hearing: April 12, 2016
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONS
Rudy Salas, Chair
ABPCA Bill Id:AB 2191
Author:(Salas) – As Amended Ver:April 6, 2016
SUBJECT: Board of Behavioral Sciences.
SUMMARY: Extends the regulatory authority of the Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS), and its authority to appoint an executive officer (EO) until January 1, 2021.
EXISTING LAW:
- Establishes the BBS, under the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA), to license and regulate Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs), Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs), Licensed Educational Psychologists (LEPs), Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCCs), Associate Clinical Social Workers (ACSWs), Marriage and Family Therapist Interns (MFT Interns), and Professional Clinical Counselor Interns (PCC Interns) (Business and Professions Code (BPC) Sections 4980 et seq.)
- States that protection of the public is the highest priority of the BBS in exercising its licensing, regulatory, and disciplinary functions and whenever the protection of the public is inconsistent with other interests sought to be promoted, the protection of the public is paramount. (BPC Section 4990.16)
- Authorizes the BBS to conduct research in, and make studies of problems involved in, the maintaining of professional standards among those engaged in the professions it licenses and may publish its recommendations thereon. (BPC Section 4999.10)
- Authorizes the BBS to adopt rules and regulations as necessary to administer and enforce the provisions of the BBS licensing acts, and requires the adoption, amendment or repeal of those rules and regulations to be made in accordance with Administrative Regulations and Rulemaking as specified in Government Code Sections 11340 et seq.
- Requires the BBS to appoint an executive officer, which is designated as a confidential position, who is exempt from civil services and serves at the pleasure of the BBS, as specified, and repeals that authority January 1, 2017. (BPC Section 4990.04
- Requires the powers and duties of the BBS, as specified, to be subject to review by the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature, and sunsets the provisions of the BBS on January 1, 2017.
THIS BILL:
- Extends the regulatory authority of the BBS and its authority to appoint an executive officer, as specified, by four years, until January 1, 2021.
FISCAL EFFECT: Unknown. This bill is keyed fiscal by the Legislative Counsel.
COMMENTS:
Purpose. Unless legislation is carried this year to extend the sunset date for the BBS, it will be repealed on January 1, 2017. The legislative changes reflected in this bill are solutions to issues raised about the BBS in the Assembly Committee on Business and Professions' staff Background Paper and during its sunset review hearing on March 14, 2016. In addition, this bill will extend the BBS’s authority to appoint an executive officer.
Board of Behavioral Sciences. The BBS licenses and regulates LCSWs, LMFTs, LEPs, and LPCCs. Additionally, the BBS registers ACSWs, MFT Interns, PCC Interns, and until June 30, 2015, registered continuing education (CE) providers. Each profession has its own scope of practice, entry-level requirements, and professional settings, with some overlap in certain areas. Below are a few examples of settings in which licensees may work; however, licensees may work in other settings that lawfully provide mental health services.
- LMFTs are employed in mental health agencies, counseling centers, and private practice. They utilize counseling or therapeutic techniques to assist individuals, couples, families, and groups with a focus on marriage, family, and relationship issues.
- LCSWs are employed in health facilities, private practice, and state and county mental health couples, families, and groups.
- LEPs work in schools or in private practice and provide educational counseling services such as aptitude and achievement testing or psychological testing. LEPs may not provide psychological testing or counseling services that are unrelated to academic learning processes in the education system.
- LPCCs apply counseling interventions and psychotherapeutic techniques to identify and remediate cognitive, mental, and emotional issues, including personal growth, adjustment to disability, crisis intervention, and psychosocial and environmental problems. LPCCs work in a variety of settings including hospitals, private practice, and community-based mental health organizations.
Joint Oversight Hearings and Sunset Review of DCA Licensing Boards. In March of 2016, the Assembly Business and Professions Committee and the Senate Business, Professions and Economic Development Committee (Committees) conducted multiple joint oversight hearings to review 11 regulatory boards within the DCA and one regulatory entity outside of the DCA. The sunset bills are intended to implement legislative changes recommended in the respective background reports drafted by the Committees for the agencies reviewed this year.
The Sunset Review Process. The sunset review process provides a formal mechanism for the DCA, the Legislature, the regulatory boards, bureaus and committees, interested parties, and stakeholders to make recommendations for improvements to the authority of consumer protection boards and bureaus. This is performed on a standard four-year cycle and was mandated by SB 2036 (McCorquodale), Chapter 908, Statutes of 1994. Each eligible agency is required to submit to the Committees a report covering the entire period since last reviewed that includes, among other things, the purpose and necessity of the agency and any recommendations of the agency for changes or reorganization in order to better fulfill its purpose. During the sunset review hearings, the Committees take public testimony and evaluate the eligible agency prior to the date the agency is scheduled to be repealed. An eligible agency is allowed to sunset unless the Legislature enacts a law to extend, consolidate, or reorganize the eligible agency.
In the Committee's Background Paper on the BBS, issues were raised regarding the BBS's ability to handle the increasing enforcement workload, ensure a smooth transition during the examination restructure, increase CE audits, and ensure that supervisors and supervisees are following current statutory requirements.
This bill will authorize the continued operation of the BBS in its current regulatory capacity and require the BBS to be reviewed by the Legislature again in four years. By continuing the functions of the BBS, this bill will allow it to continue in its regulatory capacity for the protection of consumers and the regulation of all aspects of the mental health professionals which the BBS licenses and regulates.
Current Related Legislation. AB 1084 (Bonilla) of 2016, makes conforming changes to the examination requirements for an applicant for licensure as a LCSW, who possesses a master's degree from a school or department of social work that is seeking accreditation, to allow the applicant to take the law and ethics examination while the applicant's school or department is a candidate for accreditation, as specified. Note: This bill is currently pending in the Senate Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development.
AB 1917 (Obernolte) of 2016, clarifies that education gained while residing outside of California should be based on the location of the school, instead of on the location of the individual, for applicants for licensure as a LMFT and a LPCC; clarifies the coursework and practicum requirements for applicants for licensure as a LPCC, and makes other technical and clarifying changes to the practicum requirements for out-of-state LMFT and LPCC applicants. Note: This bill is pending on the Assembly Floor.
SB 1478 (Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development) of 2016, makes numerous substantive, technical, and minor non-controversial changes to various provisions of the healing arts boards regulated by the DCA, including the BBS. Note: This bill is currently pending in the Senate Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development.
REGISTERED SUPPORT:
None on file.
REGISTERED OPPOSITION:
None on file.
Analysis Prepared by: Elissa Silva / B. & P. / (916) 319-3301
Discussed in Hearing
Assembly Floor
Senate Floor
Senate Standing Committee on Business, Professions and Economic Development
Assembly Floor
Bill Author
Bill Co-Author(s):