Existing law authorizes the governing board of a school district or a county office of education to offer independent study to meet the educational needs of pupils. Existing law prohibits a school district or county office of education from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study by pupils unless it has adopted and implemented specified written policies.

Existing law authorizes a charter school that has an approved charter to receive funding for nonclassroom-based instruction, including independent study, only if a determination for funding is made by the State Board of Education pursuant to specified requirements.

This bill would also prohibit a school district, county office of education, or charter school from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study by pupils unless it has adopted and implemented a written policy that requires a teacher to make visual contact with a pupil in person or by a live visual connection, no less than once per week, every 2 weeks, to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress. The bill would authorize the principal of the program, or a designee of the governing board or body of a participating school district, county office of education, or charter school, to make exceptions to that requirement on a case-by-case basis, for justifiable reasons and for a specified period of time.

Existing law authorizes a school district, charter school, or county office of education, commencing with the 201516 school year, to provide independent study courses for pupils enrolled in kindergarten and grades 1 to 12, inclusive, in accordance with prescribed conditions. Existing law requires certificated employees and each pupil to communicate in person, by telephone, or by any other live visual or audio connection no less than twice per calendar month to assess whether each pupil is making satisfactory educational progress.

This bill would instead require certificated employees and each pupil to communicate in person or by a live visual connection, no less than once per week, to assess whether each pupil is making satisfactory educational progress. The bill would authorize the principal of the program, or a designee of the governing board or body of a participating school district, charter school, or county office of education, to grant exceptions to that requirement on a case-by-case basis, for justifiable reasons, as provided.

SENATE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

Senator Ricardo Lara, Chair

2017 - 2018 Regular Session

AB 318 (Caballero) - Pupil instruction: independent study: visual contact with pupil

This bill meets the criteria for referral to the Suspense File.

Bill Summary:

This bill increases the frequency of communication between students in independent study and teachers of the local educational agency (LEA) by requiring visual in-person contact with the students or by a live visual connection at least once per week.

Fiscal Impact:

• This bill could drive unknown local costs on existing independent study programs throughout the state. While some programs may already be adequately staffed to absorb the additional workload, it is likely that a portion of the existing 300 independent programs in the state will not have sufficient resources. To the extent that an LEA would need to hire additional staff to comply with this measure, it could incur a potentially significant increase in local costs that could result in resources being redirected from existing programs and services. The additional requirements include making visual contact with each student every two weeks and any associated administrative activities that may result, such as the documentation of meetings and record-keeping. For programs that serve students living in rural areas where it may be more difficult to make visual contact whether it is due to the student living in a remote area or the student does not have access to the Internet, the costs could be even higher. There could also be transportation costs to get the student on campus (or the teacher to the student’s home) to make the live connection. Any costs resulting from these requirements would not be reimbursable by the state because independent study is an educational option that is available to LEAs, not a program that is required.
• The California Department of Education anticipates General Fund costs of approximately $229,000 to comply with this measure. This estimate includes the cost of the equivalent of 2.3 positions to provide technical assistance to LEAs, update guidance, and verify the adoption of policies regarding independent study for apportionment purposes.

Background:

Existing law prohibits an LEA from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include the following:

1. The maximum length of time, by grade level and type of program, that may elapse between the time an independent study assignment is made and the date by which the student must complete the assigned work.
2. The number of missed assignments that will be allowed before an evaluation is conducted to determine whether it is in the best interest of the student to remain in independent study.
3. A requirement that a current written agreement for each independent study student is maintain on file, including specified information.
4. A statement of the number of course credits or for elementary grades, other measures of academic accomplishment, to be earned by the student upon completion.
   

Existing law requires the independent study by each student to be coordinated, evaluate, and under the general supervision of an employee of the LEA who possesses a valid and appropriate teaching credential or an emergency permit.

Proposed Law:

This bill prohibits an LEA from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include a statement that a teacher shall make visual in-person contact with a student or by a live visual connection no less than once every two weeks to assess whether the student is making satisfactory educational progress.

This bill prohibits an LEA from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include a statement that a teacher shall make visual in-person contact with a student or by a live visual connection at least once per week, to assess whether the student is making satisfactory educational progress.

Further, this bill authorizes an exception to be made on a case-by-case basis by the principal of the program, or a designee of the governing board of the LEA, for justifiable reasons and for a specified period of time. It also requires a parent or guardian to request in writing that designates the reason and the specified period of time for the exception. The principal of the program or designee of the LEA shall approve or deny the request pursuant to uniform standards established by the governing board of the LEA.

The bill provides that its provisions apply to charter schools.

-- END --

SENATE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

Senator Benjamin Allen, Chair

2017 - 2018 Regular

Bill No: AB 318 Hearing Date: June 28, 2017

Subject: Pupil instruction: independent study

SUMMARY

This bill prohibits a local educational agency from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include a statement that a teacher shall make visual in-person contact with a student or by a live visual connection at least once per week.

BACKGROUND

Existing law:

Traditional independent study option

1. Prohibits a school district or county office of education from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies, pursuant to rules and regulations adopted by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, that include but are not limited to all of the following:
   
   1. The maximum length of time, by grade level and type of program, that may elapse between the time an independent study assignment is made and the date by which the student must complete the assigned work.
      
   2. The number of missed assignments that will be allowed before an evaluation is conducted to determine whether it is in the best interest of the student to remain in independent study.
      
   3. A requirement that a current written agreement for each independent study student is maintain on file, including specified information.
      
   4. A statement of the adopted policies for a-b (above).
      
   5. The duration of the independent study agreement. Existing law prohibits an agreement from being valid for longer than one school year.
      
   6. A statement of the number of course credits or for elementary grades, other measures of academic accomplishment, to be earned by the student upon completion.
      
   7. A statement in each agreement that independent study is an optional educational alternative.
      
   8. A requirement that each agreement is signed, before the beginning of independent study, by the student, the student’s parent, legal guardian or caregiver, the certificated employee who has the responsibility for general supervision of independent study, and all people who have direct responsibility for providing assistance to the student. (EC § 51747)
      
2. Requires the independent study by each student to be coordinated, evaluate, and under the general supervision of an employee of the local educational agency (LEA) who possesses a valid and appropriate teaching credential or an emergency permit. (EC § 51747.5)
   
3. Authorizes school districts, charter schools and county offices of education to claim apportionment credit for independent study only to the extent of the time value of student work products, as personally judged in each instance by a certificated teacher. (EC § 51747.5)
   

Course-based independent study

1. Authorizes a school district, charter school, or county office of education to provide independent study courses to students in grades K-12 pursuant to numerous conditions, including, among many other things:
   
   1. A signed learning agreement is completed and on file.
      
   2. Courses are taught under the general supervision of certificated employees who hold the appropriate subject matter credential.
      
   3. Courses are annually certified, by the governing board or body of the LEA, to be of the same rigor and educational quality as equivalent classroom-based courses, and must be aligned to all relevant local and state content standards.
      
   4. Certificated employees and each student must communicate in person, by telephone, or by another live visual or audio connection, at least twice per calendar month to assess whether each student is making satisfactory educational progress. (Education Code § 51749.5)
      
2. Requires a LEA, before enrolling a student in an independent study course, to provide the student and parent or guardian with a written learning agreement that includes all of the following:
   
   1. A summary of the policies and procedures described in # 1 that have been adopted by the governing board or body of the LEA.
      
   2. The duration of the enrolled course or courses, the duration of the learning agreement, and the number of course credits for each course. Existing law prohibits the duration of a learning agreement from exceeding a school year or spanning multiple school years.
      
   3. The learning objectives and expectations for each course, including a description of how satisfactory educational progress is measured and when a student evaluation is required to determine whether the student should remain in independent study.
      
   4. The specific resources, including materials and personnel, that will be made available to the student.
      
   5. A statement that the student is not required to enroll in independent study courses. (EC § 51749.6)
      
3. Requires the learning agreement, before instruction may begin, to be signed by the student and, if the student is under the age of 18 years, the student’s parent or legal guardian, and all certificated employees providing instruction. (EC § 51749.6)
   

ANALYSIS

This bill prohibits a local educational agency (LEA) from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include a statement that a teacher shall make visual in-person contact with a student or by a live visual connection at least once per week. Specifically, this bill:

1. Prohibits a LEA from being eligible to receive apportionments for independent study unless it has adopted and implemented written policies that include a statement that a teacher shall make visual in-person contact with a student or by a live visual connection at least once per week, to assess whether the student is making satisfactory educational progress.
   
2. Authorizes an exception to be made on a case-by-case basis by the principal of the program, or a designee of the governing board of the LEA, for justifiable reasons and for a specified period of time.
   
3. Requires a parent or guardian to request in writing that designates the reason and the specified period of time for the exception.
   
4. Requires the principal of the program or designee of the LEA to approve or deny the request pursuant to uniform standards established by the governing board of the LEA.
   
5. Applies the provisions of this bill to charter schools.

STAFF COMMENTS

1. Need for the bill. According to the author, “Today’s rigorous academic standards require frequent formative assessment in order to monitor and adjust the instructional needs of each pupil. While current law requires a minimum amount of communication between certificated staff and their independent study pupils, allowing for that communication to occur over the telephone or other kinds of audio-only connection means school staff can go weeks or even months with no visual interaction with a pupil. Without in-person or live visual interaction on a weekly basis, the teaching and learning progress in many cases is minimal and the learning opportunities constrained. Additionally, child neglect and abuse that may be occurring can go undetected when a child is not seen frequently, as was the case in Monterey County. Public education programs have an obligation to ensure the safety and well-being of their students, and that the student is making satisfactory academic progress.”
   
2. Cases of child abuse. This bill is in response to cases of child abuse involving children enrolled in independent study programs in Monterey. In one case, the abuse resulted in the death of two children. The author notes that the child abuse went undetected, at least in part, because the children were enrolled in independent study and were not physically seen on a regular basis. According to news reports, one of the children in this case was enrolled in the Monterey Charter Home School; the article notes that the county does not conduct home visits as the charter instruction takes place at a classroom in the offices of the Monterey County Office of Education. http://www.mercurynews.com/2015/12/17/monterey-county-death-probe-where-are-kids-asked-neighbors/
3. Frequency of contact. Existing law requires the written agreement for each student enrolled in traditional independent study to include the manner, time, frequency, and place for submitting a student’s assignments and for reporting his or her progress. Existing law requires, for course-based independent study, teachers to communicate with independent study students at least twice every calendar month and authorizes the contact to be over the telephone or other audio connection. This is a minimum requirement; local educational agencies (LEA) may establish policies that require more frequent communication if they desire.
   
   Independent study may be offered in a variety of formats: as a program or class within a comprehensive school, through a charter school, home-based, or online. This bill applies to all formats of independent study, but no longer applies to course-based independent study.
   
   This bill requires teachers to have visual contact on at least a weekly basis with students who are enrolled in independent study in the following scenarios:
   
   1. A stand-alone course while also physically attending school.
      
   2. A home-based program in a remote geographic area.
      
   3. A home-based program where the student does not have access to the Internet.
      

Will teachers be required to travel great distances once a week, will LEAs be required to acquire the technology necessary to communicate visually, or will

teachers be required to visually contact students who also physically attend school on a regular basis?

Should discretion remain with LEAs to determine the appropriate frequency and type of communication, particularly in challenging scenarios?

The author notes that the intent of this bill is to verify the safety of students, rather than to assess academic progress, and therefore frequent and visual contact is necessary.

1. Identification of abuse or neglect. All school district teachers and employees are considered to be “mandated reporters,” including instructional aides, teacher assistants, classified employees, and employees of a school district police or security department, pursuant to the Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act. Mandated reporters are required to report to any law enforcement department knowledge or observations they may have of a child they know or reasonably suspect to have been the subject of child abuse or neglect. Existing law requires all school districts, county offices of education, state special schools and diagnostic centers operated by the California Department of Education (CDE), and charter schools to provide annual training to their employees and people working on behalf of the local educational agency (LEA) on the mandated reporting requirements.
   
2. Liability issues? This bill requires teachers to have more frequent and visual-only contact with students enrolled in independent study for the purpose of ensuring the safety of students. Teachers are mandated reporters, who are required to contact child protective services if they suspect a child is being abused or neglected. Some have raised concerns that this bill could place teachers in jeopardy if cases of abuse or neglect are not identified by teachers who communicate with independent study students or if an exemption is provided and teachers do not see a student for over a week. Staff notes that existing law provides that mandated reporters have immunity from state criminal or civil liability for reporting as required, even if the mandated reporter acquired the knowledge, or suspicion of the abuse or neglect, outside his or her professional capacity or scope of employment.
   
3. Elements of exemplary independent study. The CDE’s website includes an outline of fundamental elements and indicators of the characteristics of exemplary independent study practice. One of the fundamental elements and indicators is:

Students have regularly scheduled meetings with their teachers on a sufficiently frequent basis for the teachers to provide needed instruction, adequately judge student progress, and make appropriate modifications. At least weekly interaction on student progress, whether in person or by electronic means, is recommended. Teachers are available to students between regularly scheduled meetings as-needed to ensure student success, whether on a drop-in basis on site, by phone or e-mail, in labs for tutoring, etc.

http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/eo/is/elementsexpemplary.asp

1. Traditional independent study option vs course-based independent study. Existing law provides for two different independent study program options for LEAs to administer. Most LEAs offer the traditional independent study option. The course-based independent study option was established in 2015, with distinct apportionment requirements that differ from those of the traditional independent study program. Traditional independent study and course-based independent study average daily attendance (ADA) is tracked and reported separately to CDE. ADA is one of the factors used by CDE when calculating an LEA’s Local Control Funding Formula entitlement.
   
   Course-based independent study relates to a way of calculating ADA; it has nothing to do with a specific independent study delivery model. This bill applies only to traditional independent study. Staff recommends an amendment to reinsert changes to the section of the Education Code related to course-based independent study (51749.5) to ensure the provisions of this bill are applied to all independent study programs. Existing law related to course-based independent study requires certificated employees and each student to communicate in person, by telephone or by any other live visual or audio connection, at least twice per calendar month to assess whether each student is making satisfactory educational progress.
   
2. Fiscal impact. Legislative Counsel has flagged this bill as non-fiscal.

SUPPORT

California Federation of Teachers

California State PTA

California Teachers Association

Chief Probation Officers of California

City of Salinas, Chief of Police

County Behavioral Health Directors Association of California

County Welfare Directors Association of California

Court Appointed Special Advocates of Monterey

District Attorney, Monterey County

Monterey County Board of Education

Monterey County District Attorney

Monterey County Home Charter School Charter Advisory Board

Monterey County Office of Education

Monterey County Sheriff’s Office

San Benito County Office of Education

Santa Cruz County Office of Education

United Way Monterey County

Individuals

OPPOSITION

A Plus – Association of Personalized Learning Schools & Services

California Charter School Association

California Consortium for Independent Study

Charter Schools Development Center

Choices Charter School

K-12, Inc.

Pathways Charter School

-- END --

ASSEMBLY THIRD READING

ATR Bill Id:AB 318

Author:(Caballero)

As Introduced Ver:February 6, 2017

Majority vote

SUMMARY: Increases the frequency of communication between a pupil in independent study (IS) and certificated employees of a school district, charter school, or county office of education. Specifically, this bill:

1. Requires certificated employees and each IS pupil to communicate in person or by a live visual connection no less than once per week to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress.
2. Provides that an exception to the requirement to communicate weekly may be made on a case-by-case basis by the principal of the program or by a designee of the governing board or body of a participating school district, charter school, or county office of education for justifiable reasons, including for missing a weekly instructional session.
3. Requires the parent or guardian of a pupil seeking an exception to make a request in writing and requires the principal or designee to review the request pursuant to uniform standards established by the governing board or body of a participating school district, charter school, or county office of education.
4. Provides that if a pupil does not communicate with a certificated employee for more than two weeks and the principal or designee determines that communication is necessary, the principal or designee may require the pupil to communicate by live visual connection.

EXISTING LAW: Requires certificated employees and IS pupils to communicate in person, by telephone, or by any other live visual or audio connection no less that twice per calendar month to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress.

FISCAL EFFECT: Unknown. This bill is keyed non-fiscal by the Legislative Counsel.

COMMENTS: Independent study, which was authorized in 1976, was originally designed to serve child actors, aspiring Olympic athletes, and other pupils whose schedules precluded regular classroom attendance. Over the years, it has evolved to serve a wider range of pupils. IS is provided as an alternative instructional strategy, not an alternative curriculum. IS pupils work independently, according to a written agreement and under the general supervision of a certificated teacher or teachers. While independent study pupils follow the district-adopted curriculum and meet the district graduation requirements, independent study offers flexibility to meet individual pupil needs, interests, and styles of learning. It is only available as a voluntary option chosen by pupils and parents. According to the California Department of Education, about 168,000 pupils in K-12 were receiving at least 50% of their instruction through IS in 2014-15.

Reason for the bill. Existing law requires IS pupils to communicate with a supervising teacher in person, by telephone, or by any other live visual or audio connection no less that twice per calendar month to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress. This bill, with specified exceptions, requires the communication between the pupil and supervising teacher to take place at least once per week and further requires the communication to be either in person or via live visual communication. The primary reason for this change, according to information provided by the author's office, is to enhance child safety by requiring more frequent visual communication between the school and the pupil. The bill arises from an incident in which a six year old boy, who was enrolled in an independent study program, and his three year old sister were found dead in a storage unit in Redding, California. The boy's mother and her boyfriend have been charged with child abuse, torture, and murder, and their trial is scheduled to begin in February 2018.

The boy had been enrolled in an independent study program in the Monterey County Home Charter School, which is operated by the Monterey County Office of Education. The author believes that if more frequent visual communication had occurred between the boy and school personnel, then danger signs could have been noticed and appropriate steps taken to intervene.

Existing law permits more frequent pupil-teacher communication. Existing law governing independent study requires pupil-teacher communication to occur at least twice every calendar month. This is a minimum requirement, and districts can establish policies that require more frequent communication if they desire. Monterey County Office of Education has already adopted the requirement contained in this bill. According to the author's office, however, this should be the minimum requirement for all IS programs in the interest of pupil safety.

Educational impact. Although the author indicates that the primary purpose of this bill to address pupil safety and welfare, the bill could have a positive impact on educational outcomes. Existing law requires contact (visual or audio) at least twice per calendar month, but is silent on how those two contacts should be scheduled over that period. If two contacts occur in the first week of a calendar month and then again in the last week of the next calendar month, then more than seven weeks could transpire between contacts. More frequent communication could help teachers keep closer track of pupil progress and help prevent pupils from falling too far behind.

Arguments in support. The author argues that this bill is needed to protect the health and welfare of children enrolled in IS programs and courses. More frequent in-person or visual contact could help teachers identify situations in which a pupil's welfare may be at risk.

Arguments in opposition. Opponents argue that this bill "will place overly restrictive, overly burdensome, and unnecessary requirements on hundreds of thousands of independent study pupils who are in healthy parent or homeschool family environments or who live in remote rural areas with no access to the internet or who live miles from the nearly [sic] school facility."

Analysis Prepared by: Rick Pratt / ED. / (916) 319-2087 FN: 0000359

Date of Hearing: May 10, 2017

ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

Patrick O'Donnell, Chair

ABPCA Bill Id:AB 318 (

Author:Caballero) – As Introduced Ver:February 6, 2017

SUBJECT: Pupil instruction: independent study

SUMMARY: Increases the frequency of communication between a pupil in independent study (IS) and certificated employees of a school district, charter school, or county office of education. Specifically, this bill:

1. Requires certificated employees and each IS pupil to communicate in person or by a live visual connection no less than once per week to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress.
2. Provides that an exception to the requirement to communicate weekly may be made on a case-by-case basis by the principal of the program or by a designee of the governing board or body of a participating school district, charter school, or county office of education for justifiable reasons, including for missing a weekly instructional session.
3. Requires the parent or guardian of a pupil seeking an exception to make a request in writing and requires the principal or designee to review the request pursuant to uniform standards established by the governing board or body of a participating school district, charter school, or county office of education.
4. Provides that if a pupil does not communicate with a certificated employee for more than two weeks and the principal or designee determines that communication is necessary, the principal or designee may require the pupil to communicate by live visual connection.

EXISTING LAW: Requires certificated employees and IS pupils to communicate in person, by telephone, or by any other live visual or audio connection no less that twice per calendar month to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress.

FISCAL EFFECT: This bill is keyed non-fiscal

COMMENTS: Independent study, which was authorized in 1976, was originally designed to serve child actors, aspiring Olympic athletes, and other pupils whose schedules precluded regular classroom attendance. Over the years, it has evolved to serve a wider range of pupils. IS is provided as an alternative instructional strategy, not an alternative curriculum. IS pupils work independently, according to a written agreement and under the general supervision of a certificated teacher or teachers. While independent study pupils follow the district-adopted curriculum and meet the district graduation requirements, independent study offers flexibility to meet individual pupil needs, interests, and styles of learning. It is only available as a voluntary option chosen by pupils and parents. According to the California Department of Education, about 168,000 pupils in K-12 were receiving at least 50% of their instruction through IS in 2014-15.

Reason for the bill. Existing law requires IS pupils to communicate with a supervising teacher in person, by telephone, or by any other live visual or audio connection no less that twice per calendar month to assess whether the pupil is making satisfactory educational progress. This bill, with specified exceptions, requires the communication between the pupil and supervising teacher to take place at least once per week and further requires the communication to be either in person or via live visual communication. The primary reason for this change, according to information provided by the author's office, is to enhance child safety by requiring more frequent visual communication between the school and the pupil. The bill arises from an incident in which a six year old boy, who was enrolled in an independent study program, and his 3 year old sister were found dead in a storage unit in Redding, California. The boy's mother and her boyfriend have been charged with child abuse, torture, and murder, and their trial is scheduled to begin in February 2018.

The boy had been enrolled in an independent study program in the Monterey County Home Charter School, which is operated by the Monterey County Office of Education. The author believes that if more frequent visual communication had occurred between the boy and school personnel, then danger signs could have been noticed and appropriate steps taken to intervene. However, the boy's nine year old sister attended a regular school in Monterey County and on at least two occasions school officials reported evidence of possible abuse and neglect to the Monterey County Child Protective Services (CPS). Although CPS made several contacts with the family, the children were allowed to stay. A subsequent state report found that the Monterey CPS violated five state regulations and ignored best practices intended to keep children safe.

Existing law permits more frequent pupil-teacher communication. Existing law governing independent study requires pupil-teacher communication to occur at least twice every calendar month. This is a minimum requirement, and districts can establish policies that require more frequent communication if they desire. Monterey County Office of Education has already adopted the requirement contained in this bill. According to the author's office, however, this should be the minimum requirement for all IS programs in the interest of pupil safety.

Educational impact. Although the author indicates that the primary purpose of this bill to address pupil safety and welfare, the bill could have a positive impact on educational outcomes. Existing law requires contact (visual or audio) at least twice per calendar month, but is silent on how those two contacts should be scheduled over that period. If two contacts occur in the first week of a calendar month and then again in the last week of the next calendar month, then more than seven weeks could transpire between contacts. More frequent communication could help teachers keep closer track of pupil progress and help prevent pupils from falling too far behind.

Arguments in support. The author argues that this bill is needed to protect the health and welfare of children enrolled in IS programs and courses. More frequent in-person or visual contact could help teachers identify situations in which a pupil's welfare may be at risk.

Arguments in opposition. Opponents argue that this bill "will place overly restrictive, overly burdensome, and unnecessary requirements on hundreds of thousands of independent study pupils who are in healthy parent or homeschool family environments or who live in remote rural areas with no access to the internet or who live miles from the nearly [sic] school facility."

REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:

Support

California Teachers Association

County Welfare Directors Association of California

Court Appointed Special Education Advocates for Children, Monterey County

Monterey County Board of Supervisors

Monterey County Office of Education

Monterey County Office of the District Attorney

San Benito County Office of Education

Santa Cruz County Office of Education

An individual

Opposition

Association of Personalized Learning Schools & Services

California Consortium for Independent Study

Analysis Prepared by: Rick Pratt / ED. / (916) 319-2087