Existing law requires sex offenders to wear global positioning system (GPS) devices while on parole, and requires some of those offenders to wear those devices for life.

This bill would require the Department of Justice to establish an Offender Global Positioning System Database that would receive and store GPS device data for offenders monitored by criminal justice agencies throughout the state. The database would be required, among other capabilities, to receive specified data and to be able to send commands to a GPS device requiring the device to report data and to comply with other functional requirements. The department would be required to provide, at state expense, connections to the database to one sheriffs system and one probation department system in each county for purposes of submitting data to the database.

By imposing additional duties on local law enforcement agencies in connection with the operation of the GPS database, this bill would impose a state-mandated local program.

The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.

This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state, reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to these statutory provisions.

Date of Hearing: May 13, 2015

ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

Jimmy Gomez, Chair

ABPCA Bill Id:AB 1213

Author:(Wagner) – As Introduced Ver:February 27, 2015

Urgency: No State Mandated Local Program: Yes Reimbursable: Yes

SUMMARY:

This bill would require the Department of Justice (DOJ) to establish an Offender Global Positioning System (GPS) Database that would receive and store GPS device data for offenders monitored by criminal justice agencies throughout the state. The database would be required, among other capabilities, to receive specified data and to be able to send commands to a GPS device requiring the device to report data and to comply with other functional requirements. Specifically, this bill:

1. Requires DOJ to implement, operate, and maintain the Offender GPS Database for the use of criminal justice agencies.

2. Requires, by an unspecified date, DOJ to develop functional specifications and standards for offender GPS devices such that a GPS device will transmit GPS data information to the database at a specified reporting cycle. The GPS data information transmitted to the database will be required to include specific data elements. And requires, also by an unspecified date, DOJ to develop functional specifications and standards for the database in compliance with the specific objectives.

3. Requires DOJ to consult with specific entities and groups when developing the functional specifications and standards as specified.

4. States that criminal justice agencies that use GPS devices for monitoring offenders have the ability to select from different manufacturers and vendors, in accordance with any contracting policies, rules, and regulations governing their authority to contract for those services. However, this bill specifies that, except as provided, a GPS device purchased or used for GPS monitoring of offenders in this state will be required to comply with the functional specifications and standards developed by DOJ.

5. States that any GPS devices purchased and used to monitor offenders pursuant to a contract entered into before an unspecified date are exempted from data requirements.

6. Requires that on a triennial basis, following implementation of the functional specifications and standards for GPS devices and the database, the DOJ shall consult with the specified entities and groups, to determine if there are any improvements to the functional specifications and standards for GPS devices and the database needed to meet the needs of law enforcement and to take advantage of advancements in GPS monitoring. The database is required to be designed to accommodate present and future data-processing equipment.

7. States that DOJ is required to provide, at state expense, connections to the database to one sheriff’s system and one probation department system in each county, hereinafter the “county systems.” Before providing the county systems with connections to the database, the DOJ is required to adopt and publish for distribution, the operating policies, practices, and procedures for the database, and the security requirements for county systems connecting to the database.

FISCAL EFFECT:

1. Significant costs to the DOJ in the $40 million range (GF).

2. Potential reimbursable state mandated costs in the hundreds of thousands of dollars (GF) by requiring local law enforcement agencies's future GPS purchases to comply with functional specifications and standards yet to be develop by the DOJ.

COMMENTS:

1. Purpose. According to the author, "AB 1213 establishes the California Offender Global Positioning System Database so that criminal justice agencies can better scrutinize the location and possible interactions of offenders wearing court-ordered GPS monitoring devices."

“A GPS database that can be accessed by criminal justice agencies will enhance supervision practices, promote rehabilitative services, assist investigations and ensure offender accountability and community safety.”

2. Background. Current law allows the Board of Parole Hearings, the court, or the supervising parole authority to require, as a condition of release on parole or reinstatement on parole, or as an intermediate sanction in lieu of return to custody, that an inmate or parolee agree in writing to the use of electronic monitoring or supervising devices for the purpose of helping to verify his or her compliance with all other conditions of parole.

California Proposition 83, better known as Jessica’s Law, was passed by voters in 2006. The provisions of this law mandate that all sex offenders released on parole be placed on GPS supervision for life and made California Department of Correction and Rehabilitation (CDCR) parole agents responsible for enforcing the terms and conditions of Jessica’s Law while a parolee is under the state’s jurisdiction. CDCR was also charged with the responsibility of implementing this program.

With a limited amount of GPS units, CDCR prioritized its High Risk Sex Offender (HRSO) population of approximately 2,500 on parole to be equipped with ankle monitors first. This first phase was completed in April 2008. CDCR completed the implementation of the program in December 2008 (6 months ahead of schedule) by equipping another 2,300 non– HRSOs with GPS monitoring units, bringing the total to 4,800. This figure nearly triples the 1,800 GPS units used by Florida, the second-leading state to use the devices. As of August 2011, there were 9,912 sex offenders on parole in California (9 percent of all parolees under the jurisdiction of the CDCR). Roughly 7,022 of these sex offenders were living in the community, and 6,968 (99.2 percent) were monitored by GPS technology.

GPS Tracking in California other than Sex Offenders. Counties throughout the state are using GPS monitoring at the local level for individuals on probation, pretrial release, or mandatory supervision. Last year, then-L.A. County Sheriff Lee Baca solicited bids from GPS tracking companies to monitor as many as 3,000 offenders released from jail, while the county Probation Department is using GPS to track hundreds of felons released from prison. Riverside County has approved $1 million to monitor up to 600 criminals.

3. Argument in Support. According to The Orange County Board of Supervisors, “The County fully endorses the goal of this bill to require data-sharing among local and state GPS monitoring systems to better scrutinize the interactions of offenders required to wear the devices. Assuring that specific data is provided to a state clearinghouse will ensure enhanced public safety and quicker access to crucial investigative information.

3. Argument in Opposition: According to The American Civil Liberties Union of California, “Law enforcement agencies are already struggling to keep up with the GPS data they currently receive, and it seems ill-advised to add to their burden. As a recent Los Angeles Time article explained, “agents are drowning in a flood of meaningless data, masking alarms that would signal real danger.” Increasing the amount of data local law enforcement agents are expected to track would only further drown them, and without clear returns. California law enforcement officers have also been grappling with the flaws and limitations of GPS technology itself – which have included dead batteries, cracked cases, and reported locations being off by as much as three miles. Until these problems are resolved, it makes little sense to divert resources into creating a statewide database.

3. Prior Legislation: SB 57 (Lieu), Chapter 776, Statutes of 2013, prohibits a person who is required to register as a sex offender and who is subject to parole supervision from removing, as specified, an electronic, GPS, or other monitoring device affixed as a condition of parole. Upon a violation of the provision, the bill would require the parole authority to revoke the person’s parole and impose a mandatory, 180-day period of incarceration
   
   

Analysis Prepared by: Pedro R. Reyes / APPR. / (916) 319-2081

Date of Hearing: April 28, 2015

Counsel: David Billingsley

ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY

Bill Quirk, Chair

ABPCA Bill Id:AB 1213

Author:(Wagner) – As Introduced Ver:February 27, 2015

SUMMARY:

This bill would require the Department of Justice to establish an Offender Global Positioning System Database that would receive and store GPS device data for offenders monitored by criminal justice agencies throughout the state. The database would be required, among other capabilities, to receive specified data and to be able to send commands to a GPS device requiring the device to report data and to comply with other functional requirements. The department would be required to provide, at state expense, connections to the database to one sheriff’s system and one probation department system in each county for purposes of submitting data to the database. Specifically, this bill:

1. States that is the intent of the Legislature to provide for a statewide database to receive and house all Global Positioning System (GPS) device data for offenders monitored by criminal justice agencies throughout the state. Developing and implementing this database is a matter of public safety and statewide importance. Presently there is no ability for criminal justice agencies to access each other’s GPS device data to determine if an offender placed on GPS by one entity is in the proximity of another offender monitored by a different entity. A GPS database that can be accessed by criminal justice agencies will enhance supervision practices, promote rehabilitative services, assist investigations and ensure offender accountability and community safety.

2. Requires that the Department of Justice implement, operate, and maintain the Offender Global Positioning System Database for the use of criminal justice agencies.

3. Defines the following terms:

1. “Alert” means "a notification from the database to the monitoring agency or user."

2. “Database” means "the Offender Global Positioning System Database as described in this chapter."

3. “Global Positioning System device” or “GPS device” means "a device that uses signals from satellites to determine an offender’s physical location with a high degree of accuracy."
   
   
   

4. “Monitoring agency” means the criminal justice agency responsible, pursuant to statute or court order, for monitoring an offender.

5. “Offender” means "any person convicted of a crime and who is subject to GPS device monitoring by a criminal justice agency."

6. “Reporting cycle” means "the specified minimum interval at which a GPS device is to transmit data to the database."

7. “User” means "a criminal justice agency with a data connection to the database."

4. Requires that by an unspecified date, the Department of Justice develop functional specifications and standards for offender GPS devices such that GPS device will transmit GPS data information to the database at a specified reporting cycle. The GPS data information transmitted to the database shall include the following data elements:

1. Latitude.

2. Longitude.

3. The offender’s full name.

4. The monitoring entity’s contact information.

5. The GPS device identification number.

6. The GPS device shall be capable of receiving commands from the database to transmit the data information identified in paragraph (1) regardless of the device’s reporting cycle.

5. Requires that by an unspecified date, the Department of Justice develop functional specifications and standards for the database in compliance with the following objectives:

1. The database shall receive information from GPS devices to include the data elements in paragraph (1) of subdivision (a).

2. The database shall permit users to track and view offender’s proximity to other offenders.

3. The database shall permit users to create and use offender monitoring alert zones. These zones which are electronically demarcated during GPS monitoring, are as follows:

1. An “inclusion zone” is a geographic area within which it is appropriate for an offender to be present. If the offender leaves this zone, an alert shall occur.

2. An “exclusion zone” is a geographic area within which an offender is not permitted. If the offender enters this zone, an alert shall occur.

3. An “investigation zone” is a specialized geographic area created by the monitoring agency or user where, if specified criteria are met, an alert shall occur.

4. The database shall permit users to send a command to a GPS device or multiple GPS devices to transmit the data information identified in paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), regardless of the device’s reporting cycle.

5. The database shall permit users to determine if one or more offenders are, or were, at or near a particular location during a specified time frame.

6. Requires the Department of Justice consult with the following entities and groups when developing the functional specifications and standards as specified:

1. The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

2. Chief Probation Officers of California.

3. The California Probation, Parole, and Correctional Association.

4. The California Police Chiefs Association.

5. The California Peace Officers’ Association.

6. GPS device industry representatives.

7. Specifies that each entity and group listed in subdivision (c) may designate a representative to work with the Department of Justice to develop the functional specifications and standards set forth in subdivisions (a) and (b).

8. States that criminal justice agencies that use GPS devices for monitoring offenders have the ability to select from different manufacturers and vendors, in accordance with any contracting policies, rules, and regulations governing their authority to contract for those services. The functional specifications and standards shall encourage multiple bidders and shall not have the effect of limiting the criminal justice agencies to choosing a GPS device that is able to be supplied by only one manufacturer or vendor.

9. Species that, except as provided, a GPS device purchased or used for GPS monitoring of offenders in this state shall comply with the functional specifications and standards developed by the Department of Justice.

10. States that any GPS devices purchased and used to monitor offenders pursuant to a contract entered into before an unspecified date, are exempted from data requirements.

11. Requires that on a triennial basis, following implementation of the functional specifications and standards for GPS devices and the database, the Department of Justice consult with the specified entities and groups, to determine if there are any improvements to the functional specifications and standards for GPS devices and the database needed to meet the needs of law enforcement and to take advantage of advancements in GPS monitoring. The database shall be designed to accommodate present and future data-processing equipment.

12. States that the Department of Justice shall provide, at state expense, connections to the database to one sheriff’s system and one probation department system in each county, hereinafter the “county systems.” Before providing the county systems with connections to the database, the Department of Justice shall adopt and publish for distribution, the operating policies, practices, and procedures for the database, and the security requirements for county systems connecting to the database.

EXISTING LAW:

1. Requires The Department of Justice to maintain a statewide telecommunications system of communication for the use of law enforcement agencies. (Gov. Code, § 15152.)

2. States that the statewide telecommunications system shall be under the direction of the Attorney General, and shall be used exclusively for the official business of the state, and the official business of any city, county, city and county, or other public agency. (Gov. Code, § 15153.

3. Allows the Board of Parole Hearings, the court, or the supervising parole authority to require, as a condition of release on parole or reinstatement on parole, or as an intermediate sanction in lieu of return to custody, that an inmate or parolee agree in writing to the use of electronic monitoring or supervising devices for the purpose of helping to verify his or her compliance with all other conditions of parole. (Pen. Code, § 3004, subd. (a).)

4. Requires every inmate who has been convicted for any felony violation of a "registerable sex offense" and who is committed to prison and released on parole pursuant to Section 3000 or 3000.1 shall be monitored by a global positioning system for life. (Pen. Code, § 3004, subd. (b).)

5. Requires any inmate released on parole pursuant to this section shall be to pay for the costs associated with the monitoring by a global positioning system. However, the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall waive any or all of that payment upon a finding of an inability to pay. The department shall consider any remaining amounts the inmate has been ordered to pay in fines, assessments and restitution fines, fees, and orders, and shall give priority to the payment of those items before requiring that the inmate pay for the global positioning monitoring. (Pen. Code, § 3004, subd. (c).)

6. Allows the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) to utilize continuous electronic monitoring to electronically monitor the whereabouts of persons on parole, as provided by this article. (Pen. Code, § 3010, subd. (a).)

7. Requires any use of continuous electronic monitoring, as specified, to have as its primary objective the enhancement of public safety through the reduction in the number of people being victimized by crimes committed by persons on parole. (Pen. Code, § 3010, subd. (b).)

8. Specifies that continuous electronic monitoring may include the use of worldwide radio navigation system technology, known as the Global Positioning System, or GPS. (Pen. Code, § 3010, subd. (d)(1).)

9. Requires a person who is required to register as a sex offender as a condition of parole to report to his or her parole officer within one working day following release from custody, or as instructed by a parole officer to have an electronic, global positioning system (GPS), or other monitoring device affixed to his or her person. (Pen. Code, § 3010.10, subd. (a).)

10. Prohibits a person who is required to register as a sex offender from removing, disabling, render inoperable, or knowingly circumvent the operation of, or permit another to remove, disable, render inoperable, or knowingly circumvent the operation of, an electronic, GPS, or other monitoring device affixed to his or her person as a condition of parole, when he or she knows that the device was affixed as a condition of parole. (Pen. Code, § 3010.10, subd. (b).)

11. Allows each county agency responsible for postrelease supervision, under Realignment, to determine additional appropriate conditions of supervision consistent with public safety, including the use of continuous electronic monitoring, order the provision of appropriate rehabilitation and treatment services, determine appropriate incentives, and determine and order appropriate responses to alleged violations, which can include, but shall not be limited to, immediate, structured, and intermediate sanctions up to and including referral to a reentry court, or flash incarceration in a city or county jail. (Pen. Code, § 3454(b)

FISCAL EFFECT:

Unknown

COMMENTS:

1. Author's Statement: According to the author, "AB 1213 establishes the California Offender Global Positioning System Database so that criminal justice agencies can better scrutinize the location and possible interactions of offenders wearing court-ordered GPS monitoring devices.

“A GPS database that can be accessed by criminal justice agencies will enhance supervision practices, promote rehabilitative services, assist investigations and ensure offender accountability and community safety.”

2. GPS Monitoring by California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation(CDCR):

The GPS monitoring component employs the tracking system of two different vendors. Satellite Tracking of People (STOP) LLC is the vendor used in San Bernardino, Riverside, the city of Los Angeles, and Los Angeles County. Pro Tech is the vendor used in Sacramento and Fresno. The hardware and software of each system are virtually identical. Each vendor uses an active monitoring system whereby the GPS unit takes a data point every minute and transmits the location data every 10 minutes. A notice is instantly transmitted during a strap tamper or zone violation (i.e., an immediate event). Weighing six ounces, the GPS unit is a single-piece device about the size of a computer mouse that is worn flush around the left ankle, secured by a black plastic band. It combines cellular and GPS technology to automatically report the wearer’s exact location. Its internal memory can be remotely programmed with multiple inclusion and exclusion zones.

Each vendor’s software employs a combination of data integration, geomapping, and GPS technology to monitor parolees. The GPS unit can track the precise location of parolees and link the data to the location and time of reported crime incidents, as well as electronically monitor individualized exclusion and inclusion zones for violations. Any intersection of a tracked parolee with a crime incident or a zone violation is known as a “hit” and is electronically sent to the appropriate police or corrections agency. Each vendor also tracks the information about parolee activities supplied by the GPS technology and transmits it to the supervising parole agent through the monitoring center.

The parole agent typically receives the GPS information in two forms: daily notification (DN) and immediate notification (IN) alerts. For each parolee, a DN is emailed to the parole agent. The notification details all the activity recorded by the GPS unit, including charging activity, zone violations, strap tampers, and other violations. The parole agent must review all recorded activity and note any actions that stem from the notification. The notification also includes a direct link to the Web-based STOP data system for review of “tracks” or movement patterns of any offender on any GPS caseload. The software plots the location and movement on an interactive Google map, allowing the parole agent to see the movements of a parolee and investigate any unusual or suspicious movement patterns. The parole agents are provided with laptops enabled with wireless Internet cards to allow access to VeriTracks from the field. http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports/docs/External-Reports/Gang-GPS-Program-Narrative.pdf

3. Between October 2013 and March 2014, two men raped and killed four women while wearing state and federally issued GPS devices within the county boundaries of Orange County: At the time of the crimes, the men were wearing GPS devices. One of the devices was issued by the State of California and the other was issued by federal authorities. One of the suspects was being tracked with GPS by federal probation officers. The other was being tracked with GPS by state parole officers. Police indicated that information from the bracelets, as well as cellphone records from the women, aided in the investigation. In connection with the case, concerns were raised about why the monitoring failed to identify the suspects more quickly.
   http://www.ocregister.com/articles/gordon-609736-cano-anaheim.htmlhttp://www.ocregister.com/articles/gordon-613695-federal-probation.html

4. Jessica’s Law: California Proposition 83, better known as Jessica’s Law, was passed by voters in 2006. The provisions of this law mandate that all sex offenders released on parole be placed on GPS supervision for life and made California Department of Correction and Rehabilitation (CDCR) parole agents responsible for enforcing the terms and conditions of Jessica’s Law while a parolee is under the state’s jurisdiction CDCR was also charged with the responsibility of implementing this program.

With a limited amount of GPS units, CDCR prioritized its High Risk Sex Offender population of approximately 2,500 on parole to be equipped with ankle monitors first. This first phase was completed in April 2008. CDCR completed the implementation of the program in December 2008 (6 months ahead of schedule) by equipping another 2,300 non– HRSOs with GPS monitoring units, bringing the total to 4,800. This figure nearly triples the 1,800 GPS units used by Florida, the second-leading state to use the devices. As of August 2011, there were 9,912 sex offenders on parole in California (9 percent of all parolees under the jurisdiction of the CDCR). Roughly 7,022 of these sex offenders were living in the community, and 6,968 (99.2 percent) were monitored by GPS technology. (Monitoring High-Risk Sex Offenders With GPS Technology: An Evaluation of the California Supervision Program, Final Report (2012), pp. 1-2, 1-3.)

5. GPS Tracking in California other than Sex Offenders: Last year, then-L.A. County Sheriff Lee Baca solicited bids from GPS tracking companies to monitor as many as 3,000 offenders released from jail, while the county Probation Department is using GPS to track hundreds of felons released from prison. Riverside County has approved $1 million to monitor up to 600 criminals. (GPS Monitoring Alerts Overwhelm Probation Officers in California, Paige St. John, McClatchy News Service, February 18, 2014.) Counties throughout the state are using GPS monitoring at the local level for individuals on probation, pretrial release, or mandatory supervision.

6. Argument in Support: According to The Orange County Board of Supervisors, “The County fully endorses the goal of this bill to require data-sharing among local and state GPS monitoring systems to better scrutinize the interactions of offenders required to wear the devices. Assuring that specific data is provided to a state clearinghouse will ensure enhanced public safety and quicker access to crucial investigative information.

“Additionally, we are also sponsoring a Joint Resolution to be advanced by your office will ask the federal government to endorse and participate in the state’s data-sharing efforts, Having a coordinated database tracking where offenders are located may have led to early detection of the fraternization of two men—one being monitored while on federal probation and the other on state parole—accused of the deaths of four young women in Orange County.

7. Argument in Opposition: According to The American Civil Liberties Union of California, “Law enforcement agencies are already struggling to keep up with the GPS data they currently receive, and it seems ill-advised to add to their burden. As a recent Los Angeles Time article explained, “agents are drowning in a flood of meaningless data, masking alarms that would signal real danger.” Increasing the amount of data local law enforcement agents are expected to track would only further drown them, and without clear returns. California law enforcement officers have also been grappling with the flaws and limitations of GPS technology itself – which have included dead batteries, cracked cases, and reported locations being off by as much as three miles. Until these problems are resolved, it makes little sense to divert resources into creating a statewide database.

Thousands of Californians are currently being monitored through GPS devices. GPS data collection is itself an invasive process, and raises constitutional concerns. Consolidated databases such as the one proposed by AB 1213 are often more invasive than local databases in that they allow a broader range of people to access individuals’ data – which, among other things, would include a person’s full name, date of birth, and his or her exact location at any given time. Without any standards for who can access this information, for what reasons, and for how long, it is unclear whether a statewide database would pass constitutional muster.

One of the primary purposes of AB 1213 is to allow criminal justice agencies to access each other’s GPS device data to determine if an individual placed on GPS by one entity is in the proximity of another individual monitored by a different entity. However, specifically tracking this type of data may raise freedom of association concerns, and result in further law enforcement overreach. Because people monitored through GPS devices may associate for legal purposes – for example, at church, in treatment groups, at their places of employment – allowing multi-jurisdictional tracking of such associations could result in further unnecessary law enforcement intrusion into people’s private lives and protected activities. Such tracking could also result in additional false accusations of unlawful activity, further exposing people previously convicted of crimes to unnecessary criminal justice system involvement. GPS tracking devices are worn on a person’s ankle and are not typically visible to the public. Circumstances can easily arise whereby a monitored person inadvertently finds him or herself in close proximity to another monitored person – say, at the grocery store, or waiting for an oil change – which, while perfectly innocent, can already draw unnecessary law enforcement attention and involvement. By encouraging law enforcement agencies to track not only their own supervisees, but also the supervisees of other agencies, it will be nearly impossible for them to differentiate between lawful and unlawful activity simply by looking at GPS data. Responding to additional false alarms will likewise divert critical law enforcement time and other resources away from proven investigation and prevention techniques.”

8. Prior Legislation:
   
   

   1. SB 57 (Lieu), Chapter 776, Statutes of 2013, prohibits a person who is required to register as a sex offender and who is subject to parole supervision from removing, as specified, an electronic, GPS, or other monitoring device affixed as a condition of parole. Upon a violation of the provision, the bill would require the parole authority to revoke the person’s parole and impose a mandatory, 180-day period of incarceration
      
      

   2. SB 566 (Hollingsworth), of the 2008-2009 legislative session, would have made the unauthorized removal, disabling, or tampering with a GPS device affixed as a condition of a criminal court order, juvenile court disposition, parole, or probation a crime, punishable as specified. The bill would require the court, if applicable, to order restitution in an amount equivalent to the replacement cost of the electronic, GPS, or other monitoring device. The bill was held I the Senate Public Safety Committee.
      
      

   3. SB 1203 (G. Runner), of the 2008-2009 legislative session, would have provided that any person who willfully removes or disables an electronic, global positioning system, or other monitoring device affixed to his or her person or the person of another, knowing that the device was affixed as part of a criminal sentence or juvenile court disposition, as a condition of parole or probation, or otherwise pursuant to law, is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable as specified. Because the bill would create a new crime, the bill would create a state-mandated local program. The bill failed passage in the Assembly Public Safety Committee.
      
      

REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:

Support

Orange County Board of Supervisors

California District Attorneys Association

Peace Officers Research Association of California

Opposition

American Civil Liberties Union of California

California Public Defenders Association

Analysis Prepared by:

David Billingsley / PUB. S. / (916) 319-3744