AB 1628: Social media platforms: electronic content management: controlled substances.
- Session Year: 2021-2022
- House: Assembly
- Latest Version Date: 2022-09-19
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would, until January 1, 2028, and subject to specified exceptions, require a social media platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, the social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and a link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior if one exists. The bill would require a person or entity operating the social media platform to update the policy statement as necessary and consider consulting with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would, until January 1, 2028, and subject to specified exceptions, require a social media platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, the social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and a link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior if one exists. The bill would require a person or entity operating the social media platform to update the policy statement as necessary and consider consulting with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would, until January 1, 2028, and subject to specified exceptions, require a social media platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, the social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and a link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior if one exists. The bill would require a person or entity operating the social media platform to update the policy statement as necessary and consider consulting with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would, until January 1, 2028, and subject to specified exceptions, require an online a social media platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, the online social media platforms policy on the use of the online social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and a link to the online social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior. behavior if one exists. The bill would require a person or entity operating the online social media platform to update the policy statement as necessary and consider consulting with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would, until January 1, 2028, and subject to specified exceptions, require an online platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, the online platforms policy on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and a link to the online platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior. The bill would require a person or entity operating the online platform to update the policy statement as necessary and consult consider consulting with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would would, until January 1, 2028, require an online platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create and publicly post a policy statement that includes, among other things, an explicit prohibition the online platforms policy on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and to publicly post that policy statement in a manner conspicuous to all its users. a link to the online platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior. The bill would require a person or entity operating the online platform to submit that policy statement to the Attorney General and partner update the policy statement as necessary and consult with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
Existing law requires an operator of a commercial internet website or online service that collects personally identifiable information through the internet about individual consumers residing in California who use or visit its commercial internet website or online service to conspicuously post its privacy policy on its internet website. Existing law also limits advertising by an operator of an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application directed to minors.
This bill would require an online platform, as defined, that operates in the state to create a policy statement that includes, among other things, an explicit prohibition on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance, as defined, and to publicly post that policy statement in a manner conspicuous to all its users. The bill would require a person or entity operating the online platform to submit that policy statement to the Attorney General and partner with specified entities to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)(A)Content means statements or comments made by users and media that are created, posted, shared, or otherwise interacted with by users on an internet-based service or application.
(B)Content does not include media put on a service or application exclusively for the purpose of cloud storage, transmitting files, or file collaboration.
(2)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(3)Social media platform means a public or semipublic internet-based service or application that has users in California and that meets both of the following criteria:
(A)(i)A substantial function of the service or application is to connect users in order to allow users to interact socially with each other within the service or application.
(ii)A service or application that provides email or direct messaging services shall not be considered to meet this criterion on the basis of that function alone.
(B)The service or application allows users to do all of the following:
(i)Construct a public or semipublic profile for purposes of signing into and using the service.
(ii)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a social connection within the system.
(iii)Create or post content viewable by other users, including, but not limited to, on message boards, in chat rooms, or through a landing page or main feed that presents the user with content generated by other users.
(4)Public or semipublic internet-based service or application excludes a service or application used to facilitate communication within a business or enterprise among employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise, provided that access to the service or application is restricted to employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise using the service or application.
(b)A social media platform that operates in the state shall create, and publicly post on the social media platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(1)The social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(2)A general description of the social media platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the social media platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(3)A link to mental health and drug education resources provided by governmental public health authorities.
(4)A link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the social media platform, if one exists.
(5)A general description of the social media platforms policies and procedures for responding to law enforcement inquiries, including warrants, subpoenas, and other court orders compelling the production of or access to electronic communication information, as defined in Section 1546 of the Penal Code.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(d)A person or entity operating a social media platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Consider consulting with nonprofits, safety advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b).
(e)This chapter shall not apply to a business that generated less than one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) in gross revenue during the preceding calendar year.
(f)This chapter shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)(A)Content means statements or comments made by users and media that are created, posted, shared, or otherwise interacted with by users on an internet-based service or application.
(B)Content does not include media put on a service or application exclusively for the purpose of cloud storage, transmitting files, or file collaboration.
(2)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(3)Social media platform means a public or semipublic internet-based service or application that has users in California and that meets both of the following criteria:
(A)(i)A substantial function of the service or application is to connect users in order to allow users to interact socially with each other within the service or application.
(ii)A service or application that provides email or direct messaging services shall not be considered to meet this criterion on the basis of that function alone.
(B)The service or application allows users to do all of the following:
(i)Construct a public or semipublic profile for purposes of signing into and using the service.
(ii)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a social connection within the system.
(iii)Create or post content viewable by other users, including, but not limited to, on message boards, in chat rooms, or through a landing page or main feed that presents the user with content generated by other users.
(4)Public or semipublic internet-based service or application excludes a service or application used to facilitate communication within a business or enterprise among employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise, provided that access to the service or application is restricted to employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise using the service or application.
(b)A social media platform that operates in the state shall create, and publicly post on the social media platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(1)The social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(2)A general description of the social media platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the social media platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(3)A link to mental health and drug education resources provided by governmental public health authorities.
(4)A link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the social media platform, if one exists.
(5)A general description of the social media platforms policies and procedures for responding to law enforcement inquiries, including warrants, subpoenas, and other court orders compelling the production of or access to electronic communication information, as defined in Section 1546 of the Penal Code.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(d)A person or entity operating a social media platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Consider consulting with nonprofits, safety advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b).
(e)This chapter shall not apply to a business that generated less than one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) in gross revenue during the preceding calendar year.
(f)This chapter shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)(A)Content means statements or comments made by users and media that are created, posted, shared, or otherwise interacted with by users on an internet-based service or application.
(B)Content does not include media put online on a service or application exclusively for the purpose of cloud storage, transmitting documents, files, or file collaboration.
(2)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(3)Social media platform means a public or semipublic internet-based service or application that has users in California and that meets all both of the following criteria:
(A)(i)A substantial function of the service or application is to connect users in order to allow users to interact socially with each other within the service or application.
(ii)A service or application that provides email or direct messaging services shall not be considered to meet this criterion on the basis of that function alone.
(B)The service or application allows users to do all of the following:
(i)Construct a public or semipublic profile for purposes of signing into and using the service.
(ii)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a social connection within the system.
(iii)Create or post content viewable by other users, including, but not limited to, on message boards, in chat rooms, or through a landing page or main feed that presents the user with content generated by other users.
(4)Public or semipublic internet-based service or application excludes a service or application used to facilitate communication within a business or enterprise among employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise, provided that access to the service or application is restricted to employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise using the service or application.
(b)A social media platform that operates in the state shall create, and publicly post on the social media platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(1)The social media platforms policy on the use of the social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(2)A general description of the social media platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the social media platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(3)A link to mental health and drug education resources provided by governmental public health authorities.
(4)A link to the social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the social media platform, if one exists.
(5)A general description of the social media platforms policies and procedures for responding to law enforcement inquiries, including warrants, subpoenas, and other court orders compelling the production of or access to electronic communication information, as defined in Section 1546 of the Penal Code.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(d)A person or entity operating a social media platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Consider consulting with nonprofits, safety advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b).
(e)This chapter shall not apply to a business that generated less than one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) in gross revenue during the preceding calendar year.
(f)This chapter shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)(A)Content means statements or comments made by users and media that are created, posted, shared, or otherwise interacted with by users on an internet-based service or application.
(B)Content does not include media put online exclusively for the purpose of cloud storage, transmitting documents, or file collaboration.
(1)(2)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(2)Online platform means an internet-based service that allows users to do all of the following:(A)Construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system created by the service.(B)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a connection within the system.(C)Post or share user-generated content with other users.(3)Social media platform means a public or semipublic internet-based service or application that has users in California and that meets all of the following criteria:
(A)(i)A substantial function of the service or application is to connect users in order to allow users to interact socially with each other within the service or application.
(ii)A service or application that provides email or direct messaging services shall not be considered to meet this criterion on the basis of that function alone.
(B)The service or application allows users to do all of the following:
(i)Construct a public or semipublic profile for purposes of signing into and using the service.
(ii)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a social connection within the system.
(iii)Create or post content viewable by other users, including, but not limited to, on message boards, in chat rooms, or through a landing page or main feed that presents the user with content generated by other users.
(4)Public or semipublic internet-based service or application excludes a service or application used to facilitate communication within a business or enterprise among employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise, provided that access to the service or application is restricted to employees or affiliates of the business or enterprise using the service or application.
(b)An online A social media platform that operates in the state shall create, and publicly post on the online social media platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(1)The online social media platforms policy on the use of the online social media platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(2)A general description of the online social media platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the online social media platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(3)A link to the State Department of Public Health Overdose Prevention Initiatives Substance Basics: Fentanyl educational resource. mental health and drug education resources provided by governmental public health authorities.
(4)A link to the online social media platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the online platform. social media platform, if one exists.
(5)A general description of the online social media platforms policies and procedures for responding to law enforcement inquiries, including warrants, subpoenas, and other court orders compelling the production of or access to electronic communication information, as defined in Section 1546 of the Penal Code.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(d)A person or entity operating an online a social media platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Consider consulting with nonprofits, safety advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b).
(e)This chapter shall not apply to any of the following:
(1)A a business that generated less than one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) in gross revenue during the preceding calendar year.
(2)A section for user-generated comments on a digital news internet website that otherwise exclusively hosts content published by a person or entity described in subdivision (b) of Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution.(3)Consumer reviews of products or services on an internet website that serves the exclusive purpose of facilitating online commerce.(4)Persons licensed pursuant to Division 10 (commencing with Section 26000).(f)This section chapter shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(2)Online platform means an electronic internet-based service that allows its users to post or share electronic content with other users, including, but not limited to, text, videos, still photographs, blogs, video blogs, podcasts, instant messages, email, online accounts or profiles, or locations. do all of the following:
(A)Construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system created by the service.
(B)Populate a list of other users with whom an individual shares a connection within the system.
(C)Post or share user-generated content with other users.
(b)An online platform that operates in the state shall create, and publicly post on the online platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(1)The online platforms policy on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(2)A general description of the online platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the online platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(3)A link to mental health and drug education resources for users. the State Department of Public Health Overdose Prevention Initiatives Substance Basics: Fentanyl educational resource.
(4)A link to the online platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the online platform.
(5)A link to the online platforms resources for law enforcement officials, including the mechanism for requesting legal process and making official inquiries.(5)A general description of the online platforms policies and procedures for responding to law enforcement inquiries, including warrants, subpoenas, and other court orders compelling the production of or access to electronic communication information, as defined in Section 1546 of the Penal Code.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(d)A person or entity operating an online platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Consult Consider consulting with nonprofits, safety advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b).
(e)This chapter shall not apply to any of the following:
(1)A business that generated less than one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) in gross revenue during the preceding calendar year.
(2)A section for user-generated comments on a digital news internet website that otherwise exclusively hosts content published by a person or entity described in subdivision (b) of Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution.
(3)Consumer reviews of products or services on an internet website that serves the exclusive purpose of facilitating online commerce.
(4)Persons licensed pursuant to Division 10 (commencing with Section 26000).
(e)(f)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(2)Online platform means an electronic service that allows its users to post or share electronic content with other users, including, but not limited to, text, videos, still photographs, blogs, video blogs, podcasts, instant messages, email, online accounts or profiles, or locations.
(b)An online platform that operates in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Create create, and publicly post on the online platforms internet website, a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(A)An explicit prohibition(1)The online platforms policy on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(B)(2)A general description of the online platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance. The description shall not include any information that the online platform believes might compromise operational efforts to identify prohibited content or user activity, or otherwise endanger user safety.
(C)Guidance(3)A link to mental health and drug education resources for users.
(2)Publicly post the policy statement, as described in paragraph (1), in a manner conspicuous to all its users.(4)A link to the online platforms reporting mechanism for illegal or harmful content or behavior on the online platform.
(5)A link to the online platforms resources for law enforcement officials, including the mechanism for requesting legal process and making official inquiries.
(c)The disclosures required by this section may be posted separately or incorporated within another document or post, including, but not limited to, the terms of service or the community guidelines.
(c)(d)A person or entity operating an online platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Submit the policy statement created pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) to the Attorney General.(1)Update the policy statement created pursuant to subdivision (b) as necessary.
(2)Partner Consult with nonprofits, safety partners, and people in recovery from addiction advocates, and survivors to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
(e)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(a)For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1)Controlled substance has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 11007 of the Health and Safety Code.
(2)Online platform means an electronic service that allows its users to post or share electronic content with other users, including, but not limited to, text, videos, still photographs, blogs, video blogs, podcasts, instant messages, email, online accounts or profiles, or locations.
(b)An online platform that operates in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Create a policy statement that includes all of the following:
(A)An explicit prohibition on the use of the online platform to illegally distribute a controlled substance.
(B)A description of the online platforms moderation practices that are employed to prevent users from posting or sharing electronic content pertaining to the illegal distribution of a controlled substance.
(C)Guidance to mental health resources for users.
(2)Publicly post the policy statement, as described in paragraph (1), in a manner conspicuous to all its users.
(c)A person or entity operating an online platform in the state shall do both of the following:
(1)Submit the policy statement created pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) to the Attorney General.
(2)Partner with nonprofits, safety partners, and people in recovery from addiction to assist in developing and supporting the policy statement created pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
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Date
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Status
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|---|---|
| Sep 19, 2022 | Chaptered by Secretary of State - Chapter 432, Statutes of 2022. |
| Sep 19, 2022 | Approved by the Governor. |
| Aug 30, 2022 | Enrolled and presented to the Governor at 4 p.m. |
| Aug 23, 2022 | Senate amendments concurred in. To Engrossing and Enrolling. (Ayes 76. Noes 0.). |
| Aug 23, 2022 | Assembly Rule 77 suspended. (Ayes 60. Noes 16.) |
| Aug 22, 2022 | In Assembly. Concurrence in Senate amendments pending. May be considered on or after August 24 pursuant to Assembly Rule 77. |
| Aug 22, 2022 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Assembly. (Ayes 40. Noes 0. Page 4953.). |
| Aug 4, 2022 | Read second time. Ordered to third reading. |
| Aug 3, 2022 | Read third time and amended. Ordered to second reading. |
| Jun 30, 2022 | Read second time and amended. Ordered to third reading. |
| Jun 29, 2022 | From committee: Amend, and do pass as amended. (Ayes 10. Noes 0.) (June 28). |
| May 25, 2022 | Referred to Com. on JUD. |
| May 12, 2022 | In Senate. Read first time. To Com. on RLS. for assignment. |
| May 12, 2022 | Read third time. Passed. Ordered to the Senate. (Ayes 64. Noes 0. Page 4653.) |
| May 5, 2022 | Read second time. Ordered to third reading. |
| May 4, 2022 | Read second time and amended. Ordered returned to second reading. |
| May 3, 2022 | From committee: Amend, and do pass as amended. (Ayes 9. Noes 0.) (May 3). |
| Apr 25, 2022 | Re-referred to Com. on P. & C.P. |
| Apr 21, 2022 | From committee chair, with author's amendments: Amend, and re-refer to Com. on P. & C.P. Read second time and amended. |
| Jan 20, 2022 | Referred to Com. on P. & C.P. |
| Jan 12, 2022 | From printer. May be heard in committee February 11. |
| Jan 11, 2022 | Read first time. To print. |
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Date
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Description
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Location
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Votes
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 23, 2022 | AB 1628 Ramos Concurrence in Senate Amendments | Assembly Floor |
Passed |
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| Aug 22, 2022 | Assembly 3rd Reading AB1628 Ramos et al. By Ochoa Bogh | Senate Floor |
Passed |
|
| May 12, 2022 | AB 1628 Ramos Assembly Third Reading | Assembly Floor |
Passed |
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Positions by individuals are not included.
Bill Author
Bill Co-Author(s):
