The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(3)In a school zone when any of the following apply:

(A)A school speed limit sign with attached beacons states speed limit 25 when flashing and the beacons are flashing.

(B)A school speed limit sign states when children are present and children are present.

(C)A school speed limit sign with specific hours, which shall be determined by the local jurisdiction.

(c)For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1)School zone means an area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds in any direction, unless otherwise posted, marked with appropriate signs giving notice of the area.

(2)(A)Children are present means whenever one or more children are on a roadway, sidewalk, pathway, or road shoulder within the marked school zone, regardless of school days or hours. This definition also includes children present in front of school buildings, on adjacent school grounds, on the same side of the street as the school building, and across the street from the school building, in any direction within the marked school zone.

(B)Children are present does not include children who are separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other physical barrier.

(d)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty miles per hour in a school zone when any of the following apply:

(1)A school speed limit sign with attached beacons states speed limit 20 when flashing and the beacons are flashing.

(2)A school speed limit sign states when children are present and children are present.

(3)A school speed limit sign with specific hours, which shall be determined by the local jurisdiction.

(c)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(d)For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1)School zone means an area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds in any direction, unless otherwise posted, marked with appropriate signs giving notice of the area.

(2)(A)Children are present means whenever one or more children are on a roadway, sidewalk, pathway, or road shoulder within the marked school zone, regardless of school days or hours. This definition also includes children present in front of school buildings, on adjacent school grounds, on the same side of the street as the school building, and across the street from the school building, in any direction within the marked school zone.

(B)Children are present does not include children who are separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other physical barrier.

(e)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2028.

(a)Notwithstanding Section 22352, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 20 miles per hour in a school zone.

(b)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(c)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limit established by subdivision (b) of Section 22352 is more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 15 miles per hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(A)A 15 miles per hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of 30 miles per hour or slower in a school zone.

(B)A 25 miles per hour prima facie limit on a highway when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from a school zone.

(2)The prima facie limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(c)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance pursuant to Section 22352, 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(II)Identify and establish school walk zones for all schools located within the scope of the general plan.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(i)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(ii)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), (i), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(3)For purposes of this subdivision, school walk zone means all roadways and sidewalks within 1,000 feet in all directions of the boundary line of school grounds.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive. (F), inclusive, of paragraph (1).

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open-space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(3)In a school zone when any of the following apply:

(A)A school speed limit sign with attached beacons states speed limit 25 when flashing and the beacons are flashing.

(B)A school speed limit sign states when children are present and children are present.

(C)A school speed limit sign with specific hours, which shall be determined by the local jurisdiction.

(c)For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1)School zone means an area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds in any direction, unless otherwise posted, marked with appropriate signs giving notice of the area.

(2)(A)Children are present means whenever one or more children are on a roadway, sidewalk, pathway, or road shoulder within the marked school zone, regardless of school days or hours. This definition also includes children present in front of school buildings, on adjacent school grounds, on the same side of the street as the school building, and across the street from the school building, in any direction within the marked school zone.

(d)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty miles per hour in a school zone when any of the following apply:

(1)A school speed limit sign with attached beacons states speed limit 20 when flashing and the beacons are flashing.

(2)A school speed limit sign states when children are present and children are present.

(3)A school speed limit sign with specific hours, which shall be determined by the local jurisdiction.

(c)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(d)For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1)School zone means an area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds in any direction, unless otherwise posted, marked with appropriate signs giving notice of the area.

(2)(A)Children are present means whenever one or more children are on a roadway, sidewalk, pathway, or road shoulder within the marked school zone, regardless of school days or hours. This definition also includes children present in front of school buildings, on adjacent school grounds, on the same side of the street as the school building, and across the street from the school building, in any direction within the marked school zone.

(e)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2028.

(a)Notwithstanding Section 22352, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 20 miles per hour in a school zone.

(b)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(c)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limit established by subdivision (b) of Section 22352 is more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 15 miles per hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(A)A 15 miles per hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of 30 miles per hour or slower in a school zone.

(B)A 25 miles per hour prima facie limit on a highway when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from a school zone.

(2)The prima facie limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(c)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance pursuant to Section 22352, 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(II)Identify and establish school walk zones for all schools located within the scope of the general plan.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(i)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(ii)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(3)For purposes of this subdivision, school walk zone means all roadways and sidewalks within 1,000 feet in all directions of the boundary line of a school grounds.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive.

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open-space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(d)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(c)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(e)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2028.

(a)Notwithstanding Section 22352, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 20 miles per hour in a school zone during all of the following time periods: zone.

(b)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 40802 of the Vehicle Code. 22352.

(c)This section shall remain in effect until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limit established by subdivision (b) of Section 22352 is more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 15 miles per hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(A)A 15 miles per hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of 30 miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of less than 500 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign. slower in a school zone.

(B)A 25 miles per hour prima facie limit on a highway when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign. from a school zone.

(2)The prima facie limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under pursuant to Section 22352, 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone means that area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds and on which is posted a standard SCHOOL warning sign, from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation, during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing, or while the school grounds are in use by children if that highway is posted with a standard SCHOOL warning sign. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign. has the same meaning as defined in Section 22352.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, school walk zones, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(II)Identify and establish school walk zones for all schools located within the scope of the general plan.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(i)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(ii)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(3)For purposes of this subdivision, school walk zone means all roadways and sidewalks within one-half mile 1,000 feet in all directions of the boundary line of a school grounds.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive.

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open-space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(c)This section shall become inoperative on remain in effect until January 1, 2027, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)(1)Twenty miles per hour in a school zone during all of the following time periods:

(A)Seven a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(B)During any period when the beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing if the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when the beacons are flashing. For the purpose of this subparagraph, a standard SCHOOL warning sign may be placed at any distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(2)For the purposes of this subdivision, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 40802 of the Vehicle Code.

(c)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(d)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2027. 2028.

(a)Notwithstanding Section 22352, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 20 miles per hour in a school zone during all of the following time periods:

(1)Seven a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(2)During any period when the beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing if the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when the beacons are flashing. For the purpose of this subparagraph, a standard SCHOOL warning sign may be placed at any distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(b)For purposes of this section, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 40802 of the Vehicle Code.

(c)This section shall become inoperative on remain in effect until January 1, 2027, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limit established by subdivision (b) of Section 22352 is more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 15 miles per hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(A)A 15 miles per hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of 30 miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of less than 500 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(B)A 25 miles per hour prima facie limit on a highway when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(2)The prima facie limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(c)This section shall become inoperative on remain in effect until January 1, 2027, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limits established by subdivision (b) or (c) of Section 22352 are more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 15 miles per hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(A)A 15 miles per hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of 30 miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of less than 500 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 15 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(B)A 25 miles per hour prima facie limit on a highway when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(2)The prima facie limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(c)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2027. 2028.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone means that area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds and on which is posted a standard SCHOOL warning sign, from 7 a.m. through 10 to 9 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through to 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation, during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing, or while the school grounds are in use by children if that highway is posted with a standard SCHOOL warning sign. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, school walk zones, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(II)Identify and establish school walk zones for all schools located within the scope of the general plan.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(i)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(ii)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(3)For purposes of this subdivision, school walk zone means all roadways and sidewalks within one-half mile in all directions of the boundary line of a school grounds.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive.

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open-space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(a)(1)Whenever a local authority determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that the prima facie speed limit of 25 miles per hour established by subdivision (b) of Section 22352 is more than is reasonable or safe, the local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 20 or 15 miles per hour, whichever is hour if justified as the appropriate speed limit by that survey.

(2)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(b)(1)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare prima facie speed limits as follows:

(2)The prima facie limits limit established under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) apply applies only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(A)A maximum of two traffic lanes.

(B)A maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(3)The prima facie limits established under paragraph (1) apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(4)When determining the need to lower the prima facie speed limit, the local authority shall take the provisions of Section 627 into consideration.

(5)(A)An ordinance or resolution adopted under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 15 miles per hour may be placed at a distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(D)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone means that area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds and on which is posted a standard SCHOOL warning sign, from 7 a.m. through 10 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation, during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing, or while the school grounds are in use by children if that highway is posted with a standard SCHOOL warning sign. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, school routes, walk zones, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(II)Identify and establish school routes walk zones for all schools located within the scope of the general plan.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)(i)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(i)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(ii)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(3)For purposes of this subdivision, school route walk zone means all roadways and sidewalks within 1,000 feet one-half mile in all directions of the boundary line of a school grounds.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive.

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open space open-space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(4)(A)In a school zone during all of the following time periods:

(i)Seven a.m. through 10 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(ii)During any period when the beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing if the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when the beacons are flashing. For the purpose of this subparagraph, a standard SCHOOL warning sign may be placed at any distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds.

(B)For the purposes of this paragraph, school zone has the same meaning as defined in Section 40802 of the Vehicle Code.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(a)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 25 miles per hour on a highway with a posted speed limit of 35 miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(b)The prima facie limits established under subdivision (a) shall apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(c)(1)An ordinance or resolution adopted under subdivision (a) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(2)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(3)For purposes of subdivision (a), the school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(2)For purposes of this section, school zone means that area of a highway within 500 feet of school grounds and on which is posted a standard SCHOOL warning sign, from 7 a.m. through 10 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation, during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing, or while the school grounds are in use by children if that highway is posted with a standard SCHOOL warning sign. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When a laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than seven 7 years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 22358.4, 22358.7, or 22358.8.

The general plan shall consist of a statement of development policies and shall include a diagram or diagrams and text setting forth objectives, principles, standards, and plan proposals. The plan shall include the following elements:

(a)A land use element that designates the proposed general distribution and general location and extent of the uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, including agriculture, natural resources, recreation, and enjoyment of scenic beauty, education, public buildings and grounds, solid and liquid waste disposal facilities, greenways, as defined in Section 816.52 of the Civil Code, and other categories of public and private uses of land. The location and designation of the extent of the uses of the land for public and private uses shall consider the identification of land and natural resources pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (d). The land use element shall include a statement of the standards of population density and building intensity recommended for the various districts and other territory covered by the plan. The land use element shall identify and annually review those areas covered by the plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the Department of Water Resources. The land use element shall also do both of the following:

(1)Designate in a land use category that provides for timber production those parcels of real property zoned for timberland production pursuant to the California Timberland Productivity Act of 1982 (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 51100) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5).

(2)Consider the impact of new growth on military readiness activities carried out on military bases, installations, and operating and training areas, when proposing zoning ordinances or designating land uses covered by the general plan for land, or other territory adjacent to military facilities, or underlying designated military aviation routes and airspace.

(A)In determining the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, information provided by military facilities shall be considered. Cities and counties shall address military impacts based on information from the military and other sources.

(B)The following definitions govern this paragraph:

(i)Military readiness activities mean all of the following:

(I)Training, support, and operations that prepare the members of the military for combat.

(II)Operation, maintenance, and security of any military installation.

(III)Testing of military equipment, vehicles, weapons, and sensors for proper operation or suitability for combat use.

(ii)Military installation means a base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense as defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Section 2687 of Title 10 of the United States Code.

(b)(1)A circulation element consisting of the general location and extent of existing and proposed major thoroughfares, transportation routes, terminals, any military airports and ports, school routes, and other local public utilities and facilities, all correlated with the land use element of the plan.

(2)(A)Commencing January 1, 2011, upon any substantive revision of the circulation element, the legislative body shall modify the circulation element to plan for a balanced, multimodal transportation network that meets the needs of all users of streets, roads, and highways for safe and convenient travel in a manner that is suitable to the rural, suburban, or urban context of the general plan.

(B)Upon any substantive revision of the circulation element on or after January 1, 2025, the legislative body shall do all of the following:

(i)Incorporate the principles of the Federal Highway Administrations Safe System Approach, in the circulation element by including policies that aim to eliminate fatal and serious injuries for all road users through a holistic view of the roadway system, including provisions that account for human error, recognize vulnerable road users, and promote redundant and proactive safety measures.

(ii)Develop bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans based on the policies and goals in the circulation element that shall address all of the following for any urbanized area within the scope of the general plan:

(I)Identify safety corridors and any land or facility that generates high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians.

(III)Use evidence-based strategies, including strategies identified in the United States Department of Transportations Strategic Highway Safety Plan to develop safety measures specific to those areas that are intended to eliminate traffic fatalities, with an emphasis on fatalities of bicyclists, pedestrians, and users of any other form of micromobility device in the areas identified in subclause (I). subclauses (I) and (II).

(IV)Set goals for initiation and completion of all actions identified in the plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element based upon projected development activities within urbanized areas within the scope of the general plan and projected availability of revenues.

(C)(i)A county or city shall begin implementation of the modified circulation element plan specified in subparagraph (B) within two years of the date of adoption of the plan.

(iii)A county or city shall regularly review the progress towards and identify impediments to completing implementation of the plan for a multimodal transportation network, including all bicycle plans, pedestrian plans, and traffic calming plans iterated in the modified circulation element, and the construction of any related infrastructure.

(iv)A county or city shall consider revising the circulation element if, following the review under clause (ii), the county or city determines it will not reach the goals of the bicycle, pedestrian, or traffic calming plans within 25 years of the date of adoption of the modified circulation element.

(D)For the purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

(i)Business activity district has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.9 of the Vehicle Code.

(ii)Land facilities that generate high concentrations of bicyclists or pedestrians has the same meaning as described in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(iii)Micromobility device means a bicycle, electric bicycle, or motorized scooter as those terms are defined and described in Division 1 (commencing with Section 100) of the Vehicle Code.

(iv)Safety corridor has the same meaning as defined in Section 22358.7 of the Vehicle Code.

(v)Urbanized area has the same meaning as defined in Section 21071 of the Public Resources Code.

(E)For purposes of this paragraph, users of streets, roads, and highways mean bicyclists, children, persons with disabilities, motorists, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users of public transportation, and seniors.

(c)A housing element as provided in Article 10.6 (commencing with Section 65580).

(d)(1)A conservation element for the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, including water and its hydraulic force, forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources. The conservation element shall consider the effect of development within the jurisdiction, as described in the land use element, on natural resources located on public lands, including military installations. That portion of the conservation element including waters shall be developed in coordination with any countywide water agency and with all district and city agencies, including flood management, water conservation, or groundwater agencies that have developed, served, controlled, managed, or conserved water of any type for any purpose in the county or city for which the plan is prepared. Coordination shall include the discussion and evaluation of any water supply and demand information described in Section 65352.5, if that information has been submitted by the water agency to the city or county.

(2)The conservation element may also cover all of the following:

(A)The reclamation of land and waters.

(B)Prevention and control of the pollution of streams and other waters.

(C)Regulation of the use of land in stream channels and other areas required for the accomplishment of the conservation plan.

(D)Prevention, control, and correction of the erosion of soils, beaches, and shores.

(E)Protection of watersheds.

(F)The location, quantity, and quality of the rock, sand, and gravel resources.

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, the conservation element shall identify rivers, creeks, streams, flood corridors, riparian habitats, and land that may accommodate floodwater for purposes of groundwater recharge and stormwater management.

(e)An open-space element as provided in Article 10.5 (commencing with Section 65560).

(f)(1)A noise element that shall identify and appraise noise problems in the community. The noise element shall analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, as determined by the legislative body, current and projected noise levels for all of the following sources:

(A)Highways and freeways.

(B)Primary arterials and major local streets.

(C)Passenger and freight online railroad operations and ground rapid transit systems.

(D)Commercial, general aviation, heliport, helistop, and military airport operations, aircraft overflights, jet engine test stands, and all other ground facilities and maintenance functions related to airport operation.

(E)Local industrial plants, including, but not limited to, railroad classification yards.

(F)Other ground stationary noise sources, including, but not limited to, military installations, identified by local agencies as contributing to the community noise environment.

(2)Noise contours shall be shown for all of these sources and stated in terms of community noise equivalent level (CNEL) or day-night average sound level (L_dn). The noise contours shall be prepared on the basis of noise monitoring or following generally accepted noise modeling techniques for the various sources identified in subparagraphs (A) to (F) of paragraph (1), inclusive.

(3)The noise contours shall be used as a guide for establishing a pattern of land uses in the land use element that minimizes the exposure of community residents to excessive noise.

(4)The noise element shall include implementation measures and possible solutions that address existing and foreseeable noise problems, if any. The adopted noise element shall serve as a guideline for compliance with the states noise insulation standards.

(g)(1)A safety element for the protection of the community from any unreasonable risks associated with the effects of seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence; liquefaction; and other seismic hazards identified pursuant to Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section 2690) of Division 2 of the Public Resources Code, and other geologic hazards known to the legislative body; flooding; and wildland and urban fires. The safety element shall include mapping of known seismic and other geologic hazards. It shall also address evacuation routes, military installations, peakload water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures, as those items relate to identified fire and geologic hazards.

(2)The safety element, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, shall also do the following:

(A)Identify information regarding flood hazards, including, but not limited to, the following:

(i)Flood hazard zones. As used in this subdivision, flood hazard zone means an area subject to flooding that is delineated as either a special hazard area or an area of moderate or minimal hazard on an official flood insurance rate map issued by FEMA. The identification of a flood hazard zone does not imply that areas outside the flood hazard zones or uses permitted within flood hazard zones will be free from flooding or flood damage.

(ii)National Flood Insurance Program maps published by FEMA.

(iii)Information about flood hazards that is available from the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

(iv)Designated floodway maps that are available from the Central Valley Flood Protection Board.

(v)Dam failure inundation maps prepared pursuant to Section 6161 of the Water Code that are available from the Department of Water Resources.

(vi)Awareness Floodplain Mapping Program maps and 200-year flood plain maps that are or may be available from, or accepted by, the Department of Water Resources.

(vii)Maps of levee protection zones.

(viii)Areas subject to inundation in the event of the failure of project or nonproject levees or floodwalls.

(ix)Historical data on flooding, including locally prepared maps of areas that are subject to flooding, areas that are vulnerable to flooding after wildfires, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged by flooding.

(x)Existing and planned development in flood hazard zones, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(xi)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for flood protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)Establish a set of comprehensive goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risks of flooding, including, but not limited to:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the risks of flooding to new development.

(ii)Evaluating whether new development should be located in flood hazard zones, and identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if new development is located in flood hazard zones.

(iii)Maintaining the structural and operational integrity of essential public facilities during flooding.

(iv)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of flood hazard zones, including hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, fire stations, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in flood hazard zones.

(v)Establishing cooperative working relationships among public agencies with responsibility for flood protection.

(C)Establish a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives established pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(3)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2014, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address the risk of fire for land classified as state responsibility areas, as defined in Section 4102 of the Public Resources Code, and land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, as defined in Section 51177. This review shall consider the advice included in the Office of Planning and Researchs most recent publication of Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series and shall also include all of the following:

(A)Information regarding fire hazards, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Fire hazard severity zone maps available from the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

(ii)Any historical data on wildfires available from local agencies or a reference to where the data can be found.

(iii)Information about wildfire hazard areas that may be available from the United States Geological Survey.

(iv)General location and distribution of existing and planned uses of land in very high fire hazard severity zones and in state responsibility areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities. The location and distribution of planned uses of land shall not require defensible space compliance measures required by state law or local ordinance to occur on publicly owned lands or open space designations of homeowner associations.

(v)Local, state, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives based on the information identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land.

(ii)Locating, when feasible, new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in a state responsibility area or very high fire hazard severity zone.

(iii)Designing adequate infrastructure if a new development is located in a state responsibility area or in a very high fire hazard severity zone, including safe access for emergency response vehicles, visible street signs, and water supplies for structural fire suppression.

(iv)Working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

(D)If a city or county has adopted a fire safety plan or document separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, a city or countys adopted fire safety plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains information required pursuant to this paragraph.

(4)Upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan, adopted in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390), on or after January 1, 2017, or, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county. This review shall consider advice provided in the Office of Planning and Researchs General Plan Guidelines and shall include all of the following:

(A)(i)A vulnerability assessment that identifies the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, including, but not limited to, an assessment of how climate change may affect the risks addressed pursuant to paragraphs (2) and (3).

(ii)Information that may be available from federal, state, regional, and local agencies that will assist in developing the vulnerability assessment and the adaptation policies and strategies required pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(I)Information from the internet-based Cal-Adapt tool.

(II)Information from the most recent version of the California Adaptation Planning Guide.

(III)Information from local agencies on the types of assets, resources, and populations that will be sensitive to various climate change exposures.

(IV)Information from local agencies on their current ability to deal with the impacts of climate change.

(V)Historical data on natural events and hazards, including locally prepared maps of areas subject to previous risk, areas that are vulnerable, and sites that have been repeatedly damaged.

(VI)Existing and planned development in identified at-risk areas, including structures, roads, utilities, and essential public facilities.

(VII)Federal, state, regional, and local agencies with responsibility for the protection of public health and safety and the environment, including special districts and local offices of emergency services.

(B)A set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on the information specified in subparagraph (A) for the protection of the community.

(C)A set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies, and objectives identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(i)Feasible methods to avoid or minimize climate change impacts associated with new uses of land.

(ii)The location, when feasible, of new essential public facilities outside of at-risk areas, including, but not limited to, hospitals and health care facilities, emergency shelters, emergency command centers, and emergency communications facilities, or identifying construction methods or other methods to minimize damage if these facilities are located in at-risk areas.

(iii)The designation of adequate and feasible infrastructure located in an at-risk area.

(iv)Guidelines for working cooperatively with relevant local, regional, state, and federal agencies.

(v)The identification of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects, where feasible. Where feasible, the plan shall use existing natural features and ecosystem processes, or the restoration of natural features and ecosystem processes, when developing alternatives for consideration. For purposes of this clause, natural infrastructure means using natural ecological systems or processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change related hazards, or other related climate change effects, while increasing the long-term adaptive capacity of coastal and inland areas by perpetuating or restoring ecosystem services. This includes, but is not limited to, the conservation, preservation, or sustainable management of any form of aquatic or terrestrial vegetated open space, such as beaches, dunes, tidal marshes, reefs, seagrass, parks, rain gardens, and urban tree canopies. It also includes systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes, such as permeable pavements, bioswales, and other engineered systems, such as levees that are combined with restored natural systems, to provide clean water, conserve ecosystem values and functions, and provide a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.

(D)(i)If a city or county has adopted the local hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives and contains the information required pursuant to this paragraph, separate from the general plan, an attachment of, or reference to, the local hazard mitigation plan or other climate adaptation plan or document.

(ii)Cities or counties that have an adopted hazard mitigation plan, or other climate adaptation plan or document that substantially complies with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions, climate adaptation plan or document, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(5)Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

(6)After the initial revision of the safety element pursuant to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5), the planning agency shall review and, if necessary, revise the safety element upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but not less than once every eight years, to identify new information relating to flood and fire hazards and climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the city or county that was not available during the previous revision of the safety element.

(7)Cities and counties that have flood plain management ordinances that have been approved by FEMA that substantially comply with this section, or have substantially equivalent provisions to this subdivision in their general plans, may use that information in the safety element to comply with this subdivision, and shall summarize and incorporate by reference into the safety element the other general plan provisions or the flood plain ordinance, specifically showing how each requirement of this subdivision has been met.

(8)Before the periodic review of its general plan and before preparing or revising its safety element, each city and county shall consult the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation, the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, if the city or county is located within the boundaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District, as set forth in Section 8501 of the Water Code, and the Office of Emergency Services for the purpose of including information known by and available to the department, the agency, and the board required by this subdivision.

(9)To the extent that a countys safety element is sufficiently detailed and contains appropriate policies and programs for adoption by a city, a city may adopt that portion of the countys safety element that pertains to the citys planning area in satisfaction of the requirement imposed by this subdivision.

(h)(1)An environmental justice element, or related goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, that identifies disadvantaged communities within the area covered by the general plan of the city, county, or city and county, if the city, county, or city and county has a disadvantaged community. The environmental justice element, or related environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives integrated in other elements, shall do all of the following:

(A)Identify objectives and policies to reduce the unique or compounded health risks in disadvantaged communities by means that include, but are not limited to, the reduction of pollution exposure, including the improvement of air quality, and the promotion of public facilities, food access, safe and sanitary homes, and physical activity.

(B)Identify objectives and policies to promote civic engagement in the public decisionmaking process.

(C)Identify objectives and policies that prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

(2)A city, county, or city and county subject to this subdivision shall adopt or review the environmental justice element, or the environmental justice goals, policies, and objectives in other elements, upon the adoption or next revision of two or more elements concurrently on or after January 1, 2018.

(3)By adding this subdivision, the Legislature does not intend to require a city, county, or city and county to take any action prohibited by the United States Constitution or the California Constitution.

(4)For purposes of this subdivision, the following terms shall apply:

(A)Disadvantaged communities means an area identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to Section 39711 of the Health and Safety Code or an area that is a low-income area that is disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and other hazards that can lead to negative health effects, exposure, or environmental degradation.

(B)Public facilities includes public improvements, public services, and community amenities, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 66000.

(C)Low-income area means an area with household incomes at or below 80 percent of the statewide median income or with household incomes at or below the threshold designated as low income by the Department of Housing and Community Developments list of state income limits adopted pursuant to Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code.

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected giving notice thereof:

(a)Fifteen miles per hour:

(1)When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagperson is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car.

(2)When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the drivers approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals.

(3)On any alley.

(b)Twenty-five miles per hour:

(1)On any highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority or the Department of Transportation under procedures set forth in this code.

(2)When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard SENIOR warning sign. A local authority may erect a sign pursuant to this paragraph when the local agency makes a determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local authority may request grant funding from the Active Transportation Program pursuant to Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2380) of Division 3 of the Streets and Highways Code, or any other grant funding available to it, and use that grant funding to pay for the erection of those signs, or may utilize any other funds available to it to pay for the erection of those signs, including, but not limited to, donations from private sources.

(a)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, determine and declare a prima facie speed limit of 25 miles per hour on a highway with a posted speed limit of 35 miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of 500 to 1,000 feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour from 7 a.m. through 10 a.m., inclusive, and 2 p.m. through 5 p.m., inclusive, Monday through Friday, on days the school is in operation and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of 25 miles per hour, or during a period when beacons attached to a standard SCHOOL warning sign are flashing and the sign is equipped with a notice that indicates that the school zone speed limit is in effect when a beacon is flashing. A local authority may propose alternative hours, so long as the hours are no less than one hour before or after the school is in operation and the alternative hours are posted on the SCHOOL warning sign.

(b)The prima facie limits established under subdivision (a) shall apply only to highways that meet all of the following conditions:

(1)A maximum of two traffic lanes in each direction.

(2)A maximum posted 35 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone.

(c)The prima facie limits established under subdivision (a) shall apply to all lanes of an affected highway, in both directions of travel.

(d)(1)An ordinance or resolution adopted under subdivision (a) shall not be effective until appropriate signs giving notice of the speed limit are erected upon the highway and, in the case of a state highway, until the ordinance is approved by the Department of Transportation and the appropriate signs are erected upon the highway.

(2)A local authority shall reimburse the Department of Transportation for all costs incurred by the department under this subdivision.

(3)For purposes of subdivision (a), the school warning signs indicating a speed limit of 25 miles per hour may be placed at any distance between 500 and 1,000 feet away from the school grounds.

(a)A speed trap is either of the following:

(1)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(2)A particular section of a highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within five years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects. This paragraph does not apply to a local street, road, school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.

(b)(1)For purposes of this section, a local street or road is one that is functionally classified as local on the California Road System Maps, that are approved by the Federal Highway Administration and maintained by the Department of Transportation. It may also be defined as a local street or road if it primarily provides access to abutting residential property and meets the following three conditions:

(A)Roadway width of not more than 40 feet.

(B)Not more than one-half of a mile of uninterrupted length. Interruptions shall include official traffic control signals as defined in Section 445.

(C)Not more than one traffic lane in each direction.

(3)For purposes of this section, senior zone means that area approaching or passing a senior center building or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, or the grounds thereof that is contiguous to a highway and on which is posted a standard SENIOR warning sign, pursuant to Section 22352.

(4)For purposes of this section, business activity district means a section of highway described in subdivision (b) of Section 22358.9 in which a standard 25 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour speed limit sign has been posted pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of that section.

(c)(1)When all of the following criteria are met, paragraph (2) of this subdivision shall be applicable and subdivision (a) shall not be applicable:

(A)When radar is used, the arresting officer has successfully completed a radar operator course of not less than 24 hours on the use of police traffic radar, and the course was approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(B)When laser or any other electronic device is used to measure the speed of moving objects, the arresting officer has successfully completed the training required in subparagraph (A) and an additional training course of not less than two hours approved and certified by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training.

(C)(i)The prosecution proved that the arresting officer complied with subparagraphs (A) and (B) and that an engineering and traffic survey has been conducted in accordance with subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). The prosecution proved that, prior to the officer issuing the notice to appear, the arresting officer established that the radar, laser, or other electronic device conformed to the requirements of subparagraph (D).

(ii)The prosecution proved the speed of the accused was unsafe for the conditions present at the time of alleged violation unless the citation was for a violation of Section 22349, 22356, or 22406.

(D)The radar, laser, or other electronic device used to measure the speed of the accused meets or exceeds the minimal operational standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and has been calibrated within the three years prior to the date of the alleged violation by an independent certified laser or radar repair and testing or calibration facility.

(2)A speed trap is either of the following:

(A)A particular section of a highway measured as to distance and with boundaries marked, designated, or otherwise determined in order that the speed of a vehicle may be calculated by securing the time it takes the vehicle to travel the known distance.

(B)(i)A particular section of a highway or state highway with a prima facie speed limit that is provided by this code or by local ordinance under paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 22352, or established under Section 22354, 22357, 22358, or 22358.3, if that prima facie speed limit is not justified by an engineering and traffic survey conducted within one of the following time periods, prior to the date of the alleged violation, and enforcement of the speed limit involves the use of radar or any other electronic device that measures the speed of moving objects:

(I)Except as specified in subclause (II), seven years.

(II)If an engineering and traffic survey was conducted more than seven years prior to the date of the alleged violation, and a registered engineer evaluates the section of the highway and determines that no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions have occurred, including, but not limited to, changes in adjoining property or land use, roadway width, or traffic volume, 14 years.

(ii)This subparagraph does not apply to a local street, road, or school zone, senior zone, business activity district, or speed limit adopted under Section 22358.7 or 22358.8.