Existing law establishes the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California as the 3 segments of public postsecondary education in the state. Existing law requires the California State University and each community college district, and requests the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority registration for enrollment to specified individuals, including, among others, a member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, as specified.

This bill would require the California State University, and request the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, commencing with the 202526 academic year, to grant priority for registration for enrollment to first responders, as defined.

Existing law establishes the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California as the 3 segments of public postsecondary education in the state. Existing law requires the California State University and each community college district, and requests the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority registration for enrollment to specified individuals, including, among others, a member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, as specified.

This bill would require the California State University, and request the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, commencing with the 202526 academic year, to grant priority for registration for enrollment to first responders, as defined.

Existing law establishes the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California as the 3 segments of public postsecondary education in the state. Existing law requires the California State University and each community college district, and requests the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority registration for enrollment to specified individuals, including, among others, a member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, as specified.

This bill would require the California State University and each community college district, and would University, and request the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, beginning July 1, 2024, commencing with the 202526 academic year, to grant priority for registration for enrollment to first responders, as defined. By requiring additional students to receive priority registration at community college districts, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.

Existing law establishes the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California as the 3 segments of public postsecondary education in the state. Existing law requires the California State University and each community college district, and requests the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority registration for enrollment to specified individuals, including, among others, a member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, as specified.

This bill would require the California State University and each community college district, and would request the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, beginning July 1, 2024, to grant priority for registration for enrollment to first responders, as defined. By requiring additional students to receive priority registration at community college districts, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.

The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.

This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state, reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to the statutory provisions noted above.

Existing law establishes the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California as the 3 segments of public postsecondary education in the state. Existing law requires the California State University and each community college district, and requests the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority registration for enrollment to specified individuals, including, among others, a member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, as specified.

This bill would require the California State University and each community college district, and would request the University of California, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority for registration for enrollment to first responders, as defined. By requiring additional students to receive priority registration at community college districts, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.

The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.

This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state, reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to the statutory provisions noted above.

CONCURRENCE IN SENATE AMENDMENTS

CSA1 Bill Id:AB 255

Author:(Alanis)

As Amended Ver:September 1, 2023

Majority vote

SUMMARY

Requires the California State University (CSU), and requests the University of California (UC), by the 2025-2026 academic year, to grant priority registration, if applicable, to students employed as first responders, as defined.

Senate Amendments

Delays implementation until the 2025-26 academic year, removes the California Community Colleges from the bill, and requires students to annually provide documentation that demonstrate proof of employment as a first responder prior to being granted priority registration by the campus.

COMMENTS

Priority registration at public higher education institutions. Per requirements delineated in the Education Code, the CCC and the CSU are required to provide priority registration to members or former members of the United States Armed Forces, members or former members of the State Guard, current or former foster youth, current or formerly homeless youth, and by July 1, 2023, students who identify as student-parents. The UC, though not required by law, to provide priority registration to the aforementioned student populations, has adopted resolutions requiring campuses that provide priority registration, to provide priority registration for the student populations identified in Education Code.

The UC Board of Regents has a systemwide policy that requires campuses to provide priority registration to student-athletes due to the athlete's unique training and traveling schedule during their athletic season (Policy 3501). Additional populations who receive priority registration differ from campus to campus, as the choice to provide additional student groups with priority registration is delegated to the campus. The CSU systemwide policy 13057384 outlines the statutory required priority registration as Tier one or the first group of students who will receive the opportunity to register prior to their peers. Any other populations of students provided priority enrollment must come after the Tier one populations and are granted priority enrollment on a campus-by-campus basis. The authority for establishing a registration priority system beyond what is stipulated in the Education Code resides with the President of the CSU campus according to the California Code of Regulation Title 5, Section 40106. Additionally, according to the Chancellor's Office of the CSU, priority registration is provided at all CSU campuses to students who participate in the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility for Kids (CalWORKs) program, students who receive Tribal TANF funds, and students who participate in the CSU California Promise (SB 412 (Glazer), Chapter 436, Statute of 2016).

Neither the UC nor the CSU maintains data on who receives priority registration at the systemwide level.

Staffing shortages for first responders. The California Employment Development Department and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics project an increase in workforce demands over the next ten years for first responders. Neither agency could provide data as to why the shortages are occurring nor did the agencies identify remedies to decrease the workforce shortage. An examination of local and national newspapers confirms that various factors have contributed to the mass exodus of first responders from their chosen field. Factors run the gamut from climate change causing elongated fire seasons to growing social distrust in the health and public safety system. In February 2021, the Public Policy Institute of California issued a fact sheet on law enforcement staffing that found California currently has 2,000 fewer law enforcement officers than it did before the Great Recession. In 2021, the American Ambulance Association sent a letter to the U.S. Congress beseeching Congress to hold hearings into the vast workforce shortage crisis experienced by emergency medical services throughout the nation. The letter found overall turnover among paramedics and EMTs ranges from 20-30% annually, with some ambulance services experiencing 100% turnover in a four-year period. One method of recruiting individuals into a specific occupation is to offer incentives beyond wages. This measure seeks to provide this incentive by providing priority enrollment for first responders who seek additional education while on the job.

Becoming a first responder. Due to the broad definition of first responder, there are copious pathways by which an individual could fulfill the educational and licensing requirements to acquire an occupation defined as a first responder. The majority of educational requirements required of a first responder can be completed at California Community Colleges through their vocational and occupational training programs. For example, Ventura College offers an associate degree of science in paramedic studies, Shasta College offers various degrees in firefighting through their fire academy, and Imperial Valley College has a post-certification program offered on campus to prospective police candidates.

However, after completing the minimum qualifications for being a first responder, many of the occupations identified require ongoing education in order to maintain licensure or require additional training/education to obtain promotions in the field. To renew their licenses in California, a paramedic must complete 48 hours of continuing education every few years. In Policing around the Nation: Education, Philosophy, and Practice, a research report conducted by Christie Gardiner, Ph.D. in collaboration with the Police Foundation, it was found that while the vast majority of policing agencies require a high school diploma for entry, a college degree is highly important when applying for a promotion. More than half of the agencies surveyed included incentives for officers to pursue higher education, including higher pay based on collective bargaining agreements. One of the barriers preventing first responders from pursuing postsecondary degree opportunities while being employed is the constraint of finding courses that accommodate the first responder's work schedule. This measure seeks to remedy this by providing an incentive for first responders to pursue a higher education degree by granting this population priority registration to ensure exposure to the maximum amount of course diversity>

According to the Author

As expressed by the author, "AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California's most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.

Arguments in Support

As enumerated by the California State Sheriffs' Association, "there have been lengthy policy discussions in recent years pertaining to the training and education of California's peace officers. Additionally, enhanced education requirements related to college level course work will soon be in place for peace officer candidates. AB 255 would require the California State University and community college districts, and request University of California campuses, with priority enrollment systems, to grant first priority registration for enrollment to first responders. CSSA is pleased to support AB 255."

Arguments in Opposition

None on file.

FISCAL COMMENTS

According to the Senate Appropriations Committee , the costs for UC and CSU related to the ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures are expected to be minor and absorbable within existing resources.

VOTES:

ASM HIGHER EDUCATION: 11-0-1

YES: Mike Fong, Ta, Addis, Arambula, Gabriel, Irwin, Low, Ortega, Sanchez, Santiago, Wallis

ABS, ABST OR NV: Weber

ASM APPROPRIATIONS: 15-0-1

YES: Holden, Megan Dahle, Bryan, Calderon, Wendy Carrillo, Dixon, Mike Fong, Hart, Lowenthal, Mathis, Papan, Pellerin, Sanchez, Weber, Ortega

ABS, ABST OR NV: Robert Rivas

ASSEMBLY FLOOR: 78-0-2

YES: Addis, Alanis, Alvarez, Arambula, Bains, Bauer-Kahan, Bennett, Berman, Boerner, Bonta, Bryan, Calderon, Juan Carrillo, Wendy Carrillo, Cervantes, Chen, Connolly, Megan Dahle, Davies, Dixon, Essayli, Flora, Mike Fong, Vince Fong, Friedman, Gabriel, Gallagher, Garcia, Gipson, Grayson, Haney, Hart, Holden, Hoover, Irwin, Jackson, Jones‑Sawyer, Kalra, Lackey, Lee, Low, Lowenthal, Maienschein, McCarty, McKinnor, Muratsuchi, Stephanie Nguyen, Ortega, Pacheco, Papan, Jim Patterson, Joe Patterson, Pellerin, Petrie-Norris, Quirk-Silva, Ramos, Reyes, Luz Rivas, Robert Rivas, Rodriguez, Blanca Rubio, Sanchez, Santiago, Schiavo, Soria, Ta, Ting, Valencia, Villapudua, Waldron, Wallis, Ward, Weber, Wicks, Wilson, Wood, Zbur, Rendon

ABS, ABST OR NV: Aguiar-Curry, Mathis

SENATE FLOOR: 39-0-1

YES: Allen, Alvarado-Gil, Archuleta, Ashby, Atkins, Becker, Blakespear, Bradford, Cortese, Dahle, Dodd, Durazo, Eggman, Glazer, Gonzalez, Grove, Hurtado, Jones, Laird, Limón, McGuire, Menjivar, Min, Newman, Nguyen, Niello, Ochoa Bogh, Padilla, Portantino, Roth, Rubio, Seyarto, Skinner, Smallwood-Cuevas, Stern, Umberg, Wahab, Wiener, Wilk

ABS, ABST OR NV: Caballero

UPDATED

VERSION: September 1, 2023

CONSULTANT: Ellen Cesaretti-Monroy / HIGHER ED. / (916) 319-3960 FN: 0002275

 THIRD READING  

Bill No: AB 255

Author: Alanis (R), et al.

Amended: 9/1/23 in Senate

Vote: 21

SENATE EDUCATION COMMITTEE: 7-0, 6/21/23

AYES: Newman, Ochoa Bogh, Cortese, Glazer, McGuire, Smallwood-Cuevas, Wilk

SENATE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE: 7-0, 9/1/23

AYES: Portantino, Jones, Ashby, Bradford, Seyarto, Wahab, Wiener

ASSEMBLY FLOOR: 78-0, 5/25/23 - See last page for vote

SUBJECT: Public postsecondary education: priority registration for first responders

SOURCE: Author

DIGEST:

This bill requires community college districts and the California State University (CSU) and requests the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration to students employed as first responders.

ANALYSIS:

Existing law:

1. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration for any existing or former member of the State Guard or a former member of the Armed Forces of the United States who is a California resident and has been honorably discharged, as defined. (Education Code § 66025.8)
2. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration to foster youth, former foster youth, homeless youth, or formerly homeless youth, as defined. (EC § 66025.9)
3. Requires each community college district to offer priority registration to students eligible for disabled student programs and services, students eligible for extended opportunity programs and services, students receiving CalWORKS, and students who receive Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) as defined. (EC § 66025.91 and 66025.92)
4. Requires, beginning no later than July 1, 2023, each campus of the CSU, and each campus within a community college district, and requests each campus of the UC to offer priority registration to student parents. (EC § 66025.81 (a)(1))

This bill:

1. Requires by 2025-26 academic year, The CSU and requests the UC, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, grant priority in that system for registration for enrollment to a first responder.
2. Requires that priority registration for enrollment apply to enrollment for all baccalaureate degree and certificate programs offered by the institution after the employment of the student as a first responder has been verified by the institution.
3. Requires that a student requesting priority registration as a first responder provide the institution with documentation that shows proof of employment as a first responder upon an initial request for priority registration and annually upon the start of each subsequent academic year if priority registration is requested.
4. Defines first responder to mean an employee of the state or a local public agency who provides emergency response services, including any of the following:
   1. A peace officer.
   2. A firefighter, as defined.
   3. A paramedic.
   4. An emergency medical technician.
   5. A public safety dispatch, as defined.

Comments

1. Need for the bill. According to the author, “AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California’s most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.”
2. Priority registration. Priority registration decisions are made at the campus level at each segment. The process allows specific students access to classes ahead of the general student population. For example, continuing students generally are allowed to enroll in courses before new students enroll. As such, students who have priority registration status have an advantage over other students.

In addition to priority registration granted by the campuses, existing law requires the CSU, and requests the UC to grant priority enrollment to the following students:

1. CSU California Promise students (CSU).
2. Current and former foster youth.
3. Until January 1, 2020, homeless youth.
4. Any member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States, and who is a resident of California, who has received an honorable discharge, a general discharge, or an other than honorable discharge, and to any member or former member of the State Military Reserve, for any academic term attended at one of these institutions for four academic years after he or she has left state or federal active duty, which he or she shall use within 15 years of leaving state or federal active duty.

This bill adds to this list of groups for which priority registration must be granted.

FISCAL EFFECT: Appropriation: No Fiscal Com.: Yes Local: No

According to the Senate Appropriations Committee, the costs for UC and CSU related to the ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures are expected to be minor and absorbable within existing resources.

SUPPORT: (Verified 9/1/23)

California Chapter National Emergency Number Association 
California Police Chiefs Association
California Professional Firefighters
California State Sheriffs' Association
Turlock Associated Police Officers
Turlock Firefighter's Association L2434

OPPOSITION: (Verified 9/1/23)

None received

ASSEMBLY FLOOR: 78-0, 5/25/23

AYES: Addis, Alanis, Alvarez, Arambula, Bains, Bauer-Kahan, Bennett, Berman, Boerner, Bonta, Bryan, Calderon, Juan Carrillo, Wendy Carrillo, Cervantes, Chen, Connolly, Megan Dahle, Davies, Dixon, Essayli, Flora, Mike Fong, Vince Fong, Friedman, Gabriel, Gallagher, Garcia, Gipson, Grayson, Haney, Hart, Holden, Hoover, Irwin, Jackson, Jones-Sawyer, Kalra, Lackey, Lee, Low, Lowenthal, Maienschein, McCarty, McKinnor, Muratsuchi, Stephanie Nguyen, Ortega, Pacheco, Papan, Jim Patterson, Joe Patterson, Pellerin, Petrie-Norris, Quirk-Silva, Ramos, Reyes, Luz Rivas, Robert Rivas, Rodriguez, Blanca Rubio, Sanchez, Santiago, Schiavo, Soria, Ta, Ting, Valencia, Villapudua, Waldron, Wallis, Ward, Weber, Wicks, Wilson, Wood, Zbur, Rendon

NO VOTE RECORDED: Aguiar-Curry, Mathis

Prepared by: Olgalilia Ramirez / ED. / (916) 651-4105

9/2/23 16:47:03

**** END ****

SENATE COMMITTEE ON

Senator Anthony Portantino, Chair

2023 - 2024 Regular Session

AB 255 (Alanis) - Public postsecondary education: priority registration for first responders

Bill Summary:

This bill requires community college districts and the California State University (CSU) and requests the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration to students employed as first responders.

*********** ANALYSIS ADDENDUM – SUSPENSE FILE ***********

The following information is revised to reflect amendments

adopted by the committee on September 1, 2023

Fiscal Impact:

The costs for UC and CSU related to the ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures are expected to be minor and absorbable within existing resources.

Author Amendments:

Remove the provisions regarding the community colleges, require proof of employment for students employed as first responders, and delay implementation to the 2025-26 academic year.

-- END --

SENATE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

Senator Anthony Portantino, Chair

2023 - 2024 Regular Session

AB 255 (Alanis) - Public postsecondary education: priority registration for first responders

Bill Summary:

This bill requires community college districts and the California State University (CSU) and requests the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration to students employed as first responders.

Fiscal Impact:

• The Chancellor’s Office estimates one-time Proposition 98 General Fund costs of approximately $3.5 million for local community college districts to comply with this measure. This estimate includes $3.1 million for districts to establish a Management Information System data element; $329,000 to update an existing policy, procedure, or MOU; and $135,000 to add one question to CCC Apply. There would be additional ongoing costs in administrative workload for employment verification. To the extent that the Commission determines these activities to be a mandate, the state would need to reimburse these costs.
• The Chancellor’s Office estimates General Fund costs of $236,000 for various administrative functions, including regulatory changes, updating policies and procedures, and providing guidance and technical assistance.
• The costs for UC or CSU related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures are expected to be minor and absorbable within existing resources.

Background:

Existing law authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration for any existing or former member of the State Guard or a former member of the Armed Forces of the United States who is a California resident and has been honorably discharged, as defined. Existing law also authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration to foster youth, former foster youth, homeless youth, or formerly homeless youth, as defined.

Existing law requires each community college district to offer priority registration to students eligible for disabled student programs and services, students eligible for extended opportunity programs and services, students receiving CalWORKS, and students who receive Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) as defined.

Existing law requires, beginning no later than July 1, 2023, each campus of the CSU, and each campus within a community college district, and requests each campus of the UC to offer priority registration to student parents.

Proposed Law:

This bill requires by July 1, 2024, the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, to grant priority in that system for registration for enrollment to a first responder. This bill provides that priority registration shall apply to enrollment for all baccalaureate degree and certificate programs offered by the institution after the employment of the student as a first responder has been verified by the institution.

This bill defines first responder to mean an employee of the state or a local public agency who provides emergency response services, including any of the following:

• 1. A peace officer.
  2. A firefighter, as defined.
  3. A paramedic.
  4. An emergency medical technician.
  5. A public safety dispatch, as defined.

Staff Comments:

Priority registration decisions are made at the campus level at each segment. The process allows specific students access to classes ahead of the general student population. For example, continuing students generally are allowed to enroll in courses before new students enroll. As such, students who have priority registration status have an advantage over other students. The Chancellor’s Office estimates there are over 200,000 first responders in the state that would be eligible for priority enrollment as a result of this measure.

-- END --

SENATE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

Senator Josh Newman, Chair

2023 - 2024 Regular

Bill No: Hearing Date: June 21, 2023

Subject: .

SUMMARY

This bill requires by July 1, 2024, for community college districts and the California State University (CSU) and request the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration to students employed as first responders, as defined.

BACKGROUND

Existing law:

1. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration for any existing or former member of the State Guard or a former member of the Armed Forces of the United States who is a California resident and has been honorably discharged, as defined. (Education Code § 66025.8)
2. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration to foster youth, former foster youth, homeless youth, or formerly homeless youth, as defined. (EC § 66025.9)
3. Requires each community college district to offer priority registration to students eligible for disabled student programs and services, students eligible for extended opportunity programs and services, students receiving CalWORKS, and students who receive Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) as defined. (EC § 66025.91 and 66025.92)
4. Requires, beginning no later than July 1, 2023, each campus of the CSU, and each campus within a community college district, and requests each campus of the UC to offer priority registration to student parents. (EC § 66025.81 (a)(1))

ANALYSIS

This bill:

1. Requires by July 1, 2024, The CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC, with respect to each campus in their respective jurisdictions that administers a priority enrollment system, grant priority in that system for registration for enrollment to a first responder.
2. Requires that priority registration for enrollment apply to enrollment for all baccalaureate degree and certificate programs offered by the institution after the employment of the student as a first responder has been verified by the institution.
3. Defines first responder to mean an employee of the state or a local public agency who provides emergency response services, including any of the following:
   1. A peace officer.
   2. A firefighter, as defined.
   3. A paramedic.
   4. An emergency medical technician.
   5. A public safety dispatch, as defined.

STAFF COMMENTS

1. Need for the bill. According to the author, “AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California’s most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.”
2. Priority registration. Priority registration decisions are made at the campus level at each segment. The process allows specific students access to classes ahead of the general student population. For example, continuing students generally are allowed to enroll in courses before new students enroll. As such, students who have priority registration status have an advantage over other students.

In addition to priority registration granted by the campuses, existing law requires the CSU and/or California Community Colleges (CCCs), and requests the UC to grant priority enrollment to the following students:

1. CSU California Promise students (CSU).
2. Current and former foster youth (CSU and CCCs).
3. Until January 1, 2020, homeless youth (CSU and CCCs).
4. Any member or former member of the Armed Forces of the United States,

and who is a resident of California, who has received an honorable discharge, a general discharge, or an other than honorable discharge, and to any member or former member of the State Military Reserve, for any academic term attended at one of these institutions for four academic years after he or she has left state or federal active duty, which he or she shall use within 15 years of leaving state or federal active duty. (CSU and CCCs).

1. Any student who is a CalWORKs or Tribal TANF recipient (CCCs).
2. Students in the Community College Extended Opportunity Programs and Services program, and disabled students who are determined to be eligible for disabled student programs and services (CCCs).

This bill adds to this list of groups for which priority registration must be granted. The Committee may wish to consider at what point priority becomes overprescribed.

1. Fiscal Impact. According to the Assembly Appropriations Committee analysis, the bill would have the following fiscal impact:
2. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to UC related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has nine UC campuses.
3. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to CSU related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 23 CSU campuses.

c) Minor to significant Proposition 98 General Fund costs, ranging from the low hundreds of thousands of dollars to the low millions of dollars, related to ongoing administrative time spent to verify first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 115 CCC campuses.

Costs could vary widely because, according to the CCC Chancellor’s Office, while the bill does not require data collection, it is a CCC best practice to collect data on all groups receiving priority enrollment. One-time costs to update the CCC’s data system could be in the low millions of dollars. If the data system is not updated, costs would be in the low hundreds of thousands across all campuses to comply with the bill.

The state would need to reimburse these costs to CCC, if the Commission on State Mandates determines the bill’s requirements to be a reimbursable state mandate.

SUPPORT

California Chapter National Emergency Number Association

California State Sheriffs' Association

Turlock Associated Police Officers

OPPOSITION

None received

-- END --

ASSEMBLY THIRD READING

ATR Bill Id:AB 255

Author:(Alanis)

As Amended Ver:March 15, 2023

Majority vote

SUMMARY

Requires by July 1, 2024, for community college districts and the California State University (CSU), and requests the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration, if applicable, to students employed as first responders, as defined.

Major Provisions

1. Requires the CSU and community college districts, by July 1, 2024, to provide priority registration for students who are employed as first responders at campuses that offer priority registration to other students. Additionally, requires the campuses to apply the priority registration only to baccalaureate programs and certificate programs and to verify the employment of students who seek the priority registration established pursuant to the measure.
2. Requests the University of California, by July 1, 2024, to provide priority registration for students who are employed as first responders at campuses that offer priority registration to other students, to apply the priority to baccalaureate programs and certificate programs offered by the campuses, and to verify the employment of students who seek the priority registration authorized by the measure.
3. Defines first responder to include the occupations of; peace officers, firefighters, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, and public safety dispatchers or public safety telecommunicators.
4. Establishes, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that this bill contains costs mandated by the state, the state shall reimburse the applicable entities.

COMMENTS

Priority registration at public higher education institutions. Per requirements delineated in the Education Code, the CCC and the CSU are required to provide priority registration to members or former members of the United States Armed Forces, members or former members of the State Guard, current or former foster youth, current or formerly homeless youth, and by July 1, 2023, students who identify as student-parents. The UC, though not required by law, to provide priority registration to the aforementioned student populations, has adopted resolutions requiring campuses that provide priority registration, to provide priority registration for the student populations identified in Education Code.

The UC Board of Regents has a systemwide policy that requires campuses to provide priority registration to student-athletes due to the athlete’s unique training and traveling schedule during their athletic season (Policy 3501). Additional populations who receive priority registration differ from campus to campus, as the choice to provide additional student groups with priority registration is delegated to the campus. The CSU systemwide policy 13057384 outlines the statutory required priority registration as Tier 1 or the first group of students who will receive the opportunity to register prior to their peers. Any other populations of students provided priority enrollment must come after the Tier 1 populations and are granted priority enrollment on a campus-by-campus basis. The authority for establishing a registration priority system beyond what is stipulated in the Education Code resides with the President of the CSU campus according to the California Code of Regulation Title 5, Section 40106. Additionally, according to the Chancellor’s Office of the CSU, priority registration is provided at all CSU campuses to students who participate in the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility for Kids (CalWORKs) program, students who receive Tribal TANF funds, and students who participate in the CSU California Promise (SB 412 (Glazer), Chapter 436, Statute of 2016).

The CCC is required in Education Code to offer additional priority registration to students who participate in Extended Opportunity Programs and Service programs (EOPS), disabled students (DSP), and students who participate in the CalWORKs program. According to the CCC Chancellor’s Office, community college districts can also add additional groups of students who can receive priority registration. Athletes, graduating/transferring students, students who participate in TRIO Programs, Puente Project, MESA, UMOJA, and students who participate in Student Success programs (those who attend orientation) or in the California Promise program are also granted priority registration.

Due to the increase in student populations who receive priority enrollment, the CCC has adopted regulations around the order in which priority registration will be provided. Specifically, the California Code of Regulations under Title 5, Section 5, arranges the multitude of priority registrations offered by the CCC into three groups: Tier 1 or statutorily required priority registration, Tier 2 or other priority registrations the community college system has adopted, and Tier 3 or the priority registration provided to students on a district by district basis. The second tier of students who receive priority enrollment includes those who are continuing with their education and are not on academic probation and first-time students who have completed orientation and have developed a student education plan.

Neither the UC nor the CSU maintains data on who receives priority registration at the systemwide level. According to the California Community College Data Mart, the following groups of students would qualify for priority enrollment in the fall of 2022: 16,518, foster youth or former foster youth; 7,816, current or formerly homeless youth; 10,139 CalWORKs recipients; 57,057 DSPS students; 55,280 EOPS students; and 27,481 current or former members of the Armed Forces or State Guard.

Staffing shortages for first responders. The California Employment Development Department and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics project an increase in workforce demands over the next ten years for first responders. Neither agency could provide data as to why the shortages are occurring nor did the agencies identify remedies to decrease the workforce shortage. An examination of local and national newspapers confirms that various factors have contributed to the mass exodus of first responders from their chosen field. Factors run the gamut from climate change causing elongated fire seasons to growing social distrust in the health and public safety system. In February 2021, the Public Policy Institute of California issued a fact sheet on law enforcement staffing that found California currently has 2,000 fewer law enforcement officers than it did before the Great Recession. In 2021, the American Ambulance Association sent a letter to the U.S. Congress beseeching Congress to hold hearings into the vast workforce shortage crisis experienced by emergency medical services throughout the nation. The letter found overall turnover among paramedics and EMTs ranges from 20-30% annually, with some ambulance services experiencing 100% turnover in a four-year period. One method of recruiting individuals into a specific occupation is to offer incentives beyond wages. This measure seeks to provide this incentive by providing priority enrollment for first responders who seek additional education while on the job.

Becoming a first responder. Due to the broad definition of first responder, there are copious pathways by which an individual could fulfill the educational and licensing requirements to acquire an occupation defined as a first responder. The majority of educational requirements required of a first responder can be completed at California Community Colleges through their vocational and occupational training programs. For example, Ventura College offers an associate degree of science in paramedic studies, Shasta College offers various degrees in firefighting through their fire academy, and Imperial Valley College has a post-certification program offered on campus to prospective police candidates.

However, after completing the minimum qualifications for being a first responder, many of the occupations identified require ongoing education in order to maintain licensure or require additional training/education to obtain promotions in the field. To renew their licenses in California, a paramedic must complete 48 hours of continuing education every few years. In Policing around the Nation: Education, Philosophy, and Practice, a research report conducted by Christie Gardiner, Ph.D. in collaboration with the Police Foundation, it was found that while the vast majority of policing agencies require a high school diploma for entry, a college degree is highly important when applying for a promotion. More than half of the agencies surveyed included incentives for officers to pursue higher education, including higher pay based on collective bargaining agreements. One of the barriers preventing first responders from pursuing postsecondary degree opportunities while being employed is the constraint of finding courses that accommodate the first responder’s work schedule. This measure seeks to remedy this by providing an incentive for first responders to pursue a higher education degree by granting this population priority registration to ensure exposure to the maximum amount of course diversity.

According to the Author

As expressed by the author, “AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California’s most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.

Arguments in Support

As enumerated by the California State Sheriffs’ Association, “there have been lengthy policy discussions in recent years pertaining to the training and education of California’s peace officers. Additionally, enhanced education requirements related to college level course work will soon be in place for peace officer candidates. AB 255 would require the California State University and community college districts, and request University of California campuses, with priority enrollment systems, to grant first priority registration for enrollment to first responders. CSSA is pleased to support AB 255.”

Arguments in Opposition

None on file.

FISCAL COMMENTS

According to the Assembly Committee on Appropriations:

1. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to UC related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has nine UC campuses.
2. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to CSU related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 23 CSU campuses.
3. Minor to significant Proposition 98 General Fund costs, ranging from the low hundreds of thousands of dollars to the low millions of dollars, related to ongoing administrative time spent to verify first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 115 CCC campuses.

Costs could vary widely because, according to the CCC Chancellor’s Office, while the bill does not require data collection, it is a CCC best practice to collect data on all groups receiving priority enrollment. One-time costs to update the CCC’s data system could be in the low millions of dollars. If the data system is not updated, costs would be in the low hundreds of thousands across all campuses to comply with the bill.

The state would need to reimburse these costs to CCC, if the Commission on State Mandates determines the bill’s requirements to be a reimbursable state mandate.

VOTES

ASM HIGHER EDUCATION: 11-0-1

YES: Mike Fong, Ta, Addis, Arambula, Gabriel, Irwin, Low, Ortega, Sanchez, Santiago, Wallis

ABS, ABST OR NV: Weber

ASM APPROPRIATIONS: 15-0-1

YES: Holden, Megan Dahle, Bryan, Calderon, Wendy Carrillo, Dixon, Mike Fong, Hart, Lowenthal, Mathis, Papan, Pellerin, Sanchez, Weber, Ortega

ABS, ABST OR NV: Robert Rivas

UPDATED

VERSION: March 15, 2023

CONSULTANT: Ellen Cesaretti-Monroy / HIGHER ED. / (916) 319-3960 FN: 0000786

Date of Hearing: April 19, 2023

ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

Chris Holden, Chair

ABPCA Bill Id:AB 255

Author:(Alanis) – As Amended Ver:March 15, 2023

Urgency: No State Mandated Local Program: Yes Reimbursable: Yes

SUMMARY:

This bill requires, by July 1, 2024, community college districts (CCDs) and the California State University (CSU), and requests the University of California (UC), to grant priority registration, at campuses that offer priority registration to some students, to a student employed as a first responder.

The bill defines first responder to include the occupations of peace officers, firefighters, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, and public safety dispatchers or public safety telecommunicators, and requires campuses to verify the employment of any student who seeks the priority registration.

FISCAL EFFECT:

1. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to UC related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has nine UC campuses.
2. Minor and absorbable General Fund costs to CSU related to ongoing administrative time spent verifying first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 23 CSU campuses.
3. Minor to significant Proposition 98 General Fund costs, ranging from the low hundreds of thousands of dollars to the low millions of dollars, related to ongoing administrative time spent to verify first responder students for priority registration and one-time costs to update existing priority enrollment policies and procedures. The state has 115 CCC campuses.

Costs could vary widely because, according to the CCC Chancellor’s Office, while the bill does not require data collection, it is a CCC best practice to collect data on all groups receiving priority enrollment. One-time costs to update the CCC’s data system could be in the low millions of dollars. If the data system is not updated, costs would be in the low hundreds of thousands across all campuses to comply with the bill.

The state would need to reimburse these costs to CCC, if the Commission on State Mandates determines the bill’s requirements to be a reimbursable state mandate.

COMMENTS:

1. Purpose. According to the author:

AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California’s most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.

1. Background. “Priority registration” allows certain students to register for courses early so they can secure a course spot before the course fills up. State law requires CCC and CSU, and requests UC, to provide priority registration to members or former members of the United States Armed Forces, members or former members of the State Guard, current or former foster youth, current or formerly homeless youth, and, by July 1, 2023, students who identify as student parents. In addition, state law requires CCC to offer priority registration to students who participate in Extended Opportunity Programs and Service programs, disabled students, and students who participate in the CalWORKs program. In addition CCC, CSU, and UC may designate other student groups for priority registration.

Neither UC nor CSU maintain data on who receives priority registration at the systemwide level. The CCC maintains data and reported in fall 2022 that the total number of students who identified as being one of the six legislatively required populations for priority enrollment was 174,291 out of 1,267,628 students total, about 14%.

No data exist on the number of first responders who attend UC, CSU, or CCC. In addition, there may be overlap of first responders and other priority registration groups, such as student parents.

1. Prior Legislation. AB 2881 (Berman), Chapter 935, Statues of 2023, required CCC and CSU, and requested UC, to grant priority registration to student parents.

Analysis Prepared by: Natasha Collins / APPR. / (916) 319-2081

Date of Hearing:

ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Mike Fong, Chair

ABPCA Bill Id:AB 255 (

Author:Alanis) – As Introduced Ver:January 19, 2023

SUBJECT: Public postsecondary education: priority registration for first responders

SUMMARY: Requires by July 1, 2024, for community college districts and the California State University (CSU) and requests the University of California (UC) to grant priority registration, if applicable, to students employed as first responders, as defined. Specifically, this bill:

1. Requires the CSU and community college districts, by July 1, 2024, to provide priority registration for students who are employed as first responders at campuses that offer priority registration to other students. Additionally, requires the campuses to apply the priority registration only to baccalaureate programs and certificate programs and to verify the employment of students who seek the priority registration established pursuant to the measure.
2. Requests the University of California, by July 1, 2024, to provide priority registration for students who are employed as first responders at campuses that offer priority registration to other students, to apply the priority to baccalaureate programs and certificate programs offered by the campuses, and to verify the employment of students who seek the priority registration authorized by the measure.
3. Defines first responder to include the occupations of; peace officers, firefighters, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, and public safety dispatchers or public safety telecommunicators.
4. Establishes, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that this bill contains costs mandated by the state, the state shall reimburse the applicable entities.

EXISTING LAW:

1. Establishes the UC as a public trust to be administered by the Regents and grants the Regents full powers of organization and governance subject only to legislative control as necessary to ensure the security of funds, compliance with terms of its endowments, and the statutory requirements around competitive bidding and contracts, sales of property, and the purchase of materials, goods, and services (Article IX, Section (9) (a) of the California Constitution).
2. Establishes the CSU system, made of 23 campuses, and bestows upon the CSU Trustees, through the Board of Trustees, the power, duties, and functions with respect to the management, administration, and control of the CSU system (Education Code (EDC) Section 66606 and 89030 et. seq.).
3. Establishes the California Community Colleges (CCC) under the administration of the Board of Governors of the CCC, as one of the segments of public postsecondary education in this state. The CCC shall be comprised of community college districts (EDC Section 70900).
4. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration for any existing or former member of the State Guard or a former member of the Armed Forces of the United States who is a California resident and has been honorably discharged, as defined (EDC Section 66025.8).
5. Authorizes the CSU and each community college district, and requests the UC to offer priority registration to foster youth, former foster youth, homeless youth, or formerly homeless youth, as defined (EDC Section 66025.9).
6. Requires each community college district to offer priority registration to students eligible for disabled student programs and services, students eligible for extended opportunity programs and services, students receiving CalWORKS, and students who receive Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families as defined (EDC Section 66025.91 and 66025.92).
7. Requires, beginning no later than July 1, 2023, each campus of the CSU, and each campus within a community college district, and requests each campus of the UC to offer priority registration to student parents. Encourages the CCC, the CSU, and the UC to utilize data from the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, the California Dream Act Application, the application to receive a fee waiver at the CCC, and any campus form or document that identifies student parents. Student parents for purposes of priority enrollment are defined as a student who has a child or children under 18 years of age who will receive more than half of their support from the student (EDC Section 66025.81).

FISCAL EFFECT: Unknown

COMMENTS: Need for the bill. As expressed by the author, “AB 255 would provide first responders with better access to advance training and a pathway to degree attainment. AB 255 would also help offset the workforce shortage in some of California’s most vital industries, including law enforcement and healthcare, by providing employees with an educational incentive to remain in their jobs while pursuing postsecondary degrees and certificates.”

Priority registration at public higher education institutions. Per requirements delineated in the Education Code, the CCC and the CSU are required to provide priority registration to members or former members of the United States Armed Forces, members or former members of the State Guard, current or former foster youth, current or formerly homeless youth, and by July 1, 2023, students who identify as student-parents. The UC, though not required by law, to provide priority registration to the aforementioned student populations, has adopted resolutions requiring campuses that provide priority registration to also provide the student populations identified in Education Code with priority registration.

The UC Board of Regents has a systemwide policy that requires campuses to provide priority registration to student-athletes due to the athlete’s unique training and traveling schedule during their athletic season (Policy 3501). Additional populations who receive priority registration differ from campus to campus, as the choice to provide additional student groups with priority registration is delegated to the campus. For example, UCLA permits students with disabilities to receive priority registration as part of their accommodations, and students who are employed by the campus in specific positions also qualify for priority registration.

The CSU systemwide policy 13057384 outlines the statutory required priority registration as Tier one or the first group of students who will receive the opportunity to register prior to their peers. Any other populations of students provided priority enrollment must come after the Tier one populations and are granted priority enrollment on a campus-by-campus basis. The authority for establishing a registration priority system beyond what is stipulated in the Education Code resides with the President of the CSU campus according to the California Code of Regulation Title 5, Section 40106. For example, in April 2019 President Nelson of California State University, Sacramento issued a policy regarding a priority registration system that included the statutory requirements and also provided priority registration for additional student populations, including disabled students. According to the Chancellor’s Office of the CSU, priority registration is provided at all CSU campuses to students who participate in the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility for Kids (CalWORKs) program, students who receive Tribal TANF funds, and students who participate in the CSU California Promise (SB 412 (Glazer), Chapter 436, Statute of 2016).

The CCC is required in Education Code to offer additional priority registration to students who participate in Extended Opportunity Programs and Service programs (EOPS), disabled students (DSP), and students who participate in the CalWORKs program. According to the CCC Chancellor’s Office, community college districts can also add additional groups of students who can receive priority registration. Athletes, graduating/transferring students, students who participate in TRIO Programs, Puente Project, MESA, UMOJA, and students who participate in Student Success programs (those who attend orientation) or in the California Promise program are also granted priority registration.

Due to the increase in student populations who receive priority enrollment, the CCC has adopted regulations around the order in which priority registration will be provided. Specifically, the California Code of Regulations under Title 5, section 5, arranges the multitude of priority registrations offered by the CCC into three groups: Tier 1 or statutorily required priority registration, Tier 2 or other priority registrations the community college system has adopted, and Tier 3 or the priority registration provided to students on a district by district basis. The second tier of students who receive priority enrollment include those who are continuing with their education and are not on academic probation and first-time students who have completed orientation and have developed a student education plan.

Neither the UC nor the CSU maintains data on who receives priority registration at the systemwide level. According to the California Community College Data Mart, the following groups of students would qualify for priority enrollment in the fall of 2022: 16,518, foster youth or former foster youth; 7,816, current or formerly homeless youth; 10,139 CalWORKs recipients; 57,057 DSPS students; 55,280 EOPS students; and 27,481 current or former members of the Armed Forces or State Guard.

Staffing shortages for first responders. According to the California Employment Development Department, staffing shortages for first responders as defined by AB 255 (Alanis) include as follows:

• Public Safety Dispatchers – 7,220 openings;
• Paramedics and Emergency Technicians – 13,570 openings;
• Fire Fighters – 24,740 openings; and,
• Police Officers – 54,560 openings.

With the California Employment Development Department and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting an increase in workforce demands over the next ten years for first responders, neither agency contained data as to why the shortages are occurring nor did the agencies identify remedies to decrease the workforce shortage. An examination of local and national newspapers confirms that various factors have contributed to the mass exodus of first responders from their chosen field. Factors run the gamut from climate change causing elongated fire seasons to growing social distrust in the health and public safety system. In February 2021, the Public Policy Institute of California issued a fact sheet on law enforcement staffing that found California currently has 2,000 fewer law enforcement officers than it did before the Great Recession. In 2021, the American Ambulance Association sent a letter to the U.S. Congress beseeching Congress to hold hearings into the vast workforce shortage crisis experienced by emergency medical services throughout the nation. The letter found overall turnover among paramedics and EMTs ranges from 20-30% annually, with some ambulance services experiencing 100% turnover in a four-year period. One method of recruiting individuals into a specific occupation is to offer incentives beyond wages. AB 255 (Alanis) seeks to provide this incentive by providing priority enrollment for first responders who seek additional education while on the job.

Becoming a first responder. Due to the broad definition of first responder, there are copious pathways by which an individual could fulfill the educational and licensing requirements to acquire an occupation defined as a first responder. The majority of educational requirements required of a first responder can be completed at California Community Colleges through their vocational and occupational training programs. For example, Ventura College offers an associate degree of science in paramedic studies, Shasta College offers various degrees in firefighting through their fire academy, and Imperial Valley College has a post-certification program offered on campus to perspective police candidates.

The chart below identifies the basic educational requirements for three “first responder” occupations based on data collected by the Employment Development Department and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for California.

However, after completing the minimum qualifications for being a first responder, many of the occupations identified require ongoing education in order to maintain licensure or require additional training/education to obtain promotions in the field. To renew their licenses in California, a paramedic must complete 48 hours of continuing education every few years. In Policing around the Nation: Education, Philosophy, and Practice, a research report conducted by Christie Gardiner, Ph.D. in collaboration with the Police Foundation, it was found that while the vast majority of policing agencies require a high school diploma for entry, a college degree is highly important when applying for a promotion. More than half of the agencies surveyed included incentives for officers to pursue higher education, including higher pay based on collective bargaining agreements. One of the barriers preventing first responders from pursuing postsecondary degree opportunities while begin employed is the constraint of finding courses that accommodate the first responder’s work schedule. AB 255 (Alanis) seeks to remedy this by providing an incentive for first responders to pursue a higher education degree by granting this population with priority registration to ensure exposure to the maximum amount of course diversity.

Arguments in support. As enumerated by the California State Sheriffs’ Association, “there have been lengthy policy discussions in recent years pertaining to the training and education of California’s peace officers. Additionally, enhanced education requirements related to college level course work will soon be in place for peace officer candidates. AB 255 would require the California State University and community college districts, and request University of California campuses, with priority enrollment systems, to grant first priority registration for enrollment to first responders. CSSA is pleased to support AB 255.”

Committee comments. With a vast number of student categories already receiving priority registration, a question must be postulated as to whether priority registration has any value if a myriad of students receive the privilege. To assess the validity of the claim, one would question how many students are currently receiving priority enrollment compared to the total population of students at a given system. The CCC enrolls the largest population of students in California; and therefore, has the largest population of students receiving priority enrollment. In fall 2022, the total number of students who identified as being one of the six legislatively required populations for priority enrollment was 174,291 out of 1,267,628 or 13.7% of the student population. If one were to add the projected number of student parents, based on the March 2021 UC Davis Wheelhouse Study from the Center on Community College Leadership and Research on Student Parents, the total percentage would increase to 27.1%. While it is impossible to predict the number of first responders who would take advantage of the priority registration opportunity, one could argue the population of priority enrollment could dramatically increase, or because these students would be older and potentially already student parents there could be overlap with existing priority enrollment categories.

AB 255 (Alanis) is narrow in scope as it requires priority registration be provided to first responders who are seeking additional higher education opportunities while they are employed. Most higher education programs are not tailored to fit a student who is employed in a high-risk, long-hour demanding job. Encouraging students to obtain higher education in pursuit of higher wages and removing barriers to degree attainment is a priority of this Legislature and AB 255 (Alanis) aligns with these goals.

Previous Legislation.

AB 2881 (Berman), Chapter 935, Statues of 2023, required the CCC and the CSU, and requests the UC to provide students with information on the California Special Supplemental Food Program for Women Infants and Children (WIC), as defined; to grant priority registration to student parents, as defined; and to create a website with resources for student parents.

REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:

Support

California State Sheriffs' Association

1 individual

Opposition

None on file.

Analysis Prepared by: Ellen Cesaretti-Monroy / HIGHER ED. / (916) 319-3960